Sobotta Atlas of Anatomy, Vol. 2, 16th ed., English/Latin: Internal Organs

350 Pages·2019·267.716 MB·English

by  Friedrich Paulsen, Jens Waschke

ATLAS OF ANATOMY
16th Edition Edited by
Friedrich Paulsen and
Jens Waschke
English Version with
Latin Nomenclature
Internal Organs
ELSEVIER

F. Paulsen, J. Waschke
Atlas of Anatomy

Friedrich Paulsen, Jens Waschke (Eds.)
Atlas of Anatomy
English Version with Latin Nomenclature
Internal Organs
16th Edition
ELSEVIER
ELSEVIER This atlas was founded by Johannes Sobotta t. former Professor of
Hackerbrucke 6, 80335 Munich, Germany Anatomy and Director of the Anatomical Institute of the University in
All business correspondence should be made with: Bonn, Germany.
books.cs. [email protected]
German Editions:
Original Publication ,., Edition: 1904-1907 J. F.. LehmannsVerlag. Munich. Germany
Sobotta Atlas dar Anatomie 2"<L11" Edition: 1913-1944 J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, Munich, Germany
@Elsevier GmbH, 2017. 12" Edition: 1948 and following editions
All rights reserved. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, Germany
ISBN 978-3-437-44022-9 13" Edition: 1953, ed. H. Becher
14" Edition: 1956. ed. H. Becher
This translation of Sobotta Atlas dar Anatomie, 24th edition by Friedrich 15" Edition: 1957. ed. H. Becher
Paulsen and Janswaschke was undertaken by Elsevier GmbH. 1f 31h Edition: 1967. ed. H. Bach ar
17111 Edition: 1972, ads. H. Ferner and J. Staubasand
ISBN 978-0-7020-5270-5 18" Edition: 1982, ads. H. Ferner and J. Staubesand
19" Edition: 1988, ed. J. Staubesand
All rights reserved 20111 Edition: 1993. eds. R. Putz and R. Pabst. Urban & Schwarzenberg,
1f 31h edition 2018 Munich. Germany
@Elsevier GmbH, Munich, Germany 21111 Edition: 2000, ads. R. Putz and R. Pabst, Urban & Fischer, Munich,
Germany
Notice 22nd Edition: 2006, eds. R. Putz and R. Pabst, Urban & Fischer,
The translation has been undertaken by Elsevier GmbH at its sole Munich, Germany
responsibility. 23,.. Edition: 2010. ads. F. Paulsen and J. waschke, Urban & Fischer.
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As Elsevier, Munich, Garmany
new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in 24111 Edition: 2017, ads. F.. Paulsen and J. Waschka, Elsevier, Munich,
research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may Germany
become n~ssary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own Foreign Editions:
experience and knOIIVIedge in evaluating and using any information. Arabic
methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Chinese
Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, Croatian
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Prof. Friedrich Paulsen Prof. Jens Waschke
Dissection course for students Making courses more clinically relevant
In his teaching, Friedrich Paulsen puts great emphasis on ensuring For Jens Wsschke, one of the most important challenges in the
that the students in his dissection classes can actually work on body teaching of modem anatomy is how to optimally adapt the courses to
donation cadavers. 'Carrying out dissection yourself is not only meet the requirements of clinical training and subsequent professional
exttemely importsnt for gaining a three-dimensional understanding of practice.
anatomy, forming the fundamental basis of virtually any field of The clinics/aspects of the Atlas give students in the first semesters
medical science. In dissection classes you will also experience for the of medical school a grounding in anatomy and at the same time show
first time the touch and feeling of the human body, the organs and them the importsnce of hulling a thorough understanding of human
individual tissues, but in most cases it wills/so be your first intensive anatomy for their subsequent clinical practice, instead ofj ust learning
encounter with issues around desth and dying, and the clinical causes anatomical structures by rote. On the other hand, we prefer to avoid
of death. You will not only study snstomy, but also leam how to deal covering highly specialised details that are only needed by a few
with s quite unique and challenging situation as part of a team. Never specialists for occasional diagnostic procedures or surgery, ss is the
again will you be in such close contact with your fellow students and case in other contemporary anatomy books. Sinca students at the
teaching staff.' beginning of their training are unable to distinguish between the
Friedrich Paulsen was born in Kiel in 1965 and, after completing his necessary basics and specialised details, this can cause s mentsl
'Abitur' in Brunswick. he initially trained as a nurse. He then studied overload and prevent them from focusing on the essentials.'
medicine at the Christian Albrecht University (CAU) in Kiel. After his Jens Waschke (born in 1974 in Bayreuth) studied medicine at the
house officer training at the Oromaxillofacial Surgery Clinic and a period University ofWi.irzburg, achieving a doctorate in anatomy under Prof.
as resident physician at the ENT Clinic of CAU, in 1998 he moved to Detlev Drencl:hahn in the year 2000. After his intership training in the
the Anatomical Institute of CAU where he graduated as medical doctor Anatomy and Internal Medicine Departments, he qualified as a
in 1997 and further qualified by performing his State doctorate in professor of anatomy and cell biology in 2007. Jens Waschke spent
anatomy in 2001. In 2003 he was offered full professorship at the nine months as a visiting scholar at the Davis campus of the
Anatomy Departments of the Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) in University of California under Prof. Fitz-Roy Curry in 2003-2004. From
Munich and the Martin Luther University (MLU) in Halle/Wittenberg. In 2008 onward he chaired the newly established Department Ill of the
Halle. he founded a clinical anatomy training oentre. After declining yet University ofWiirzburg before being appointed professor at the
another professorship, this time at the University of Saarland, he accep Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. where he has been the
ted a post at the Friedrich Alexander University {FAU) in Numberg as head of Department I (Vegetative Anatomy) of the Anatomical Institute
Professor of Anatomy and Head of its Anatomical Institute, a post he since 2011. JensWaschke is heavily involved in the German
has held since 2010. He has continued to decline professorships Anatomical Society as an examiner in specialist anatomy and a
offered by a number of other renowned universities. member of its Study Commission. and he heads their working group
Friedrich Paulsen is an honorary member of the Anatomical Society of on reducing formaldehyde exposure. He is a representative of the
Great Britain and Ireland as well as Romania and has been granted IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists} and an
numerous scientific awards including the Dr Gerhard Mann Sicca honorary member of the Anatomical Society of Ethiopia (ASEl.
research prize. the Sioca research prize of the German Federation of In his research he primarily investigates the biological mechanisms
Ophthalmologists, and the Commemorative Medal of the Comenius regulating cell adhesion and the external and internal barrier functions
University in Bratislava. Additionally, he received several teaching of the human body. His research predominantly focuses on the
awards. regulation of the endothelial barrier during inflammation, and also the
The key focus of his research is on the innate immune response of the mechanisms behind the impaired cell adhesion seen in diseases such
eye surface. and on investigating the causes of dry eyes. Visiting as the blistering skin disorder pemphigus. Crohn's disease and
research fellowships have taken him to Spain and the United Kingdom. arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The aim is to better understand cell
He is the editor of the joumal Annals ofA natomy and, as vicSi)resi adhesion and to discover new treatment approaches.
dent of Learning and Teaching (until 312018), and now People {since
41.l018} also a member of the FAU university administration sinoe 2016. Prof. Dr. Jens Waschl(e
Institute of Anatomy
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Paulsen Department 1-Vegetative Anatomy
Institute of Anatomy, Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU)
Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Numberg Pettenl:oferstr. 11
Universiti:itsstr. 19 80336 Munich
91054 Erlangen Germany
Germany
Preface of the 24th German Edition
In the preface of the first edition of his atlas in May 1904, Johannes has now come back into fashion-we have simply modernised the con
Sobotta writes: 'Long-standing experience in cadaver dissection clas cept. Each picture is thus completed with a short explanatory text to in
ses has prompted the author to ensure that the illustrations of the peri troduce the students to the structure depicted and to explain why those
pheral nervous system and the blood vessels depict the relevant struc particular dissection and depiction methods have bean chosen for that
tures in the same way that the student is accustomed to seeing them particular region. The individual chapters have been systematically struc
on the cadaver, i.e. that they depict the vessels and nerves from the tured to follow today's methods of studying, while various illustrations
same region together. Furthermore, the atlas alternates between pages have been updated or replaced. The majority of these new illustrations
of text and full-page diagrams. The latter contain the key illustrations in have bean designed from the point of view of the Ieamer, to make it
the atlas, while the former - in addition to sketches and schematic easier to study the key pathways of blood supply and innervation. We
drawings and legends-contain a brief, concise text to help the student have furthermore revised numerous existing illustrations and reduced
find information quickly when using the book in the dissection hall.' the number of labels, using bold type to facilitate access to the anatomi
Just as fashions change on a regular basis, so do students' reading and cal content. The numerous clinical practice examples ('Clinical Remarks')
studying habits. The ubiquitousness of multi-media and the ready avail show the somewhat 'dry' subject of anatomy at its most vibrant best,
ability of information and stimuli are surely the main reasons why these demonstrating to beginners how relevant anatomy is for their subse
habits are changing at a much faster rata than ever before. Publishers quent professional life and giving them a tantalising taste of their clinical
and publishing houses must stay abreast of these developments and of training to come. Another revised feature is the introductory preface to
students' changing expectations regarding atlases and textbooks they the individual chapters, which sum up the content and the kay issues,
wish to use, as well as ensuring the digital availability of the contents. and include a real-life clinical case. In addition, each chapter ends with a
In addition to interviews with students and systematic surveys, a pub summary of questions which would typically be asked in oral anatomy
lisher can sometimes gauge students' expectations from the textbook exams and exam tests. As in the 23rd edition, each chapter contains a
market itself. Detailed textbooks claiming to be completely comprehen brief introduction to the embryology of each body region.
sive are increasingly baing abandoned in favour of textbooks that di
dactically meet students' educational needs and cover the contents of Readers should please note two things:
their courses and exams - whether they are studying medicine, den 1. The 24th edition of the Sobotta Atlas cannot replace an explanatory
tistry or biomedical science. Likewise, although the images in atlases textbook.
such as Sobotta have fascinated many generations of doctors and me 2. No matter how good an educational concept is, students still have to
dical professionals around the world with their precise naturalistic re put in many hours of intensive studying themselves - a good con
presentations of real dissections, they are sometimes perceived by cept can but make that knowledge more accessible. Learning anato
students as being too complicated and too detailed. This realisation re my is not difficult, but it does take a lot of time; time that is well
quires us to consider how we can build upon the obvious strengths of spent since everybody-doctor and patient-will benefit from it in
an atlas-which in the course of over 100 years of tradition and 23 the long run. The aim of the 24th edition of the Sobotta Atlas is not
German editions. has become a benchmark of accuracy and quality-to only to facilitate your study, but also to make the time you spend
meat modern didactic concepts without the overall work losing its studying engaging and interesting, so that the atlas is something you
unique, exclusive characteristic and its originality. will repeatedly want to pick up and consult, both during your medical
For educational reasons, we have maintained the Sobotta's original con training and your subsequent professional career.
cept and chosen to publish the atlas, as it has been since the first edi
tion, in three volumes: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System Erlangen and Munich, summer of 2017,
(1 ); Internal Organs (2); and Head, Neck and Neuroanatomy (3). And while exactly 113 years after the first edition was published
the concept mentioned in the preface of the first edition, i.e. linking the
pictures in the Atlas with an explanatory text, may be old-fashioned, it Friedrich Paulsen and Jens Waschke
Acknowledgements of the 24th German Edition
The work on the 241h edition of the Sobotta Atlas has once again been a Special thanks to our team of illustrators Dr Katja Dalkowski, Marie Da
lot of fun, and this intensive involvement has continued to strengthen vidis, Johannes Habla, Anne-Kathrin Hermanns, Martin Hoffmann, Son
our sense of pride in the Sobotta. ja Klebe. Jorg Mair and Stephan Winkler, who in addition to updating the
Today, more than ever, an extensive anatomy atlas of the calibre of the existing images also helped us develop a large number of new illustra
Sobotta requires a lot of teamwork with the coordination of the publi tions.
shing house. The cornerstone of the 24tn edition has been laid by Dr For their help in producing the clinical images, we would also like to
Katja Weimann, who extensively coordinated the project. We are very thank Dr Frank Berger, Institute of Clinical Radiology of Ludwig Maximi
grateful for her hard work. Also, without the long-standing experience lians University, Munich; Prof. Christopher Bohr, Phoniatrics and Paedi
of Dr Andrea Beilmann, who has worked on several previous editions of atric Audiology, ENT Clinic at Friedrich Alexander University, ErlangenJ
the Sobotta and has been a true pillar of strength for the Sobotta team, Nurnberg; Dr Eva Louise Bramann. Ophthalmology Clinic at Heinrich
many things would not have been possible. We would like to thank her Heine University, Dusseldorf; Prof. Andreas Dietz, Director of the ENT
again most profusely for all her help and support. Benjamin Rempe, Clinic and Outpatients' Clinic at the University of Leipzig; Prof. Gerd
another member of the four-person team behind the 24th edition of the Geerling, Ophthalmology Clinic at Heinrich Heine University, Dussel
Sobotta. has contributed to Sobotta for the first time. approaching the dorf; Dr Berit Jordan. University Clinic and Outpatients' Clinic for Neu
task with real passion and enthusiasm. His unique way of motivating rology, Martin Luther University, Halle/Wittenberg; Dr Axel Kleespies,
the team served as a continual source of encouragement and motivati Surgical Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich; Prof. Norbert
on for the editors. Benjamin: thank you very much. We fondly recall the Kleinsasser, University Clinic for Illnesses of the Ear, Nose and Throat,
monthly conference calls in which Benjamin Rempe and Dr Andrea Bail Julius Maximilians University, Wurzburg; Dr Hannes Kutta, ENT practi
mann helped us carefully craft the Sobotta Atlas and, despite their dif ce, Hamburg-Aitona/Ottensen; Dr Christian Markus, Anaesthesiology
ferent approaches, showing a remarkable gift for intuitively adopting a Clinic, Julius Maximilians University, Wurzburg; Jorg Pekarsky, Institute
uniform working style. Sibylle Hartl coordinated the project in collabora for Anatomy II. Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen/Nurnberg; Dr
tion with Dr Andrea Beilmann and was responsible for the entire print Dietrich Stovesandt, Clinic for Diagnostic Radiology, Martin Luther Uni
production. We are truly grateful to her. Without the tenacity and the versity, Halle/Wittenberg; Prof. Jens Werner, Surgical Clinic, Ludwig
protective hand of Dr Dorothea Hennessen and Rainer Simader, who Maximilians University, Munich; Dr TobiasWicklein, Erlangen. and Prof.
were both in charge of the overall management of the 'Sobotta 24th Stephan Zierz, Director of the University Clinic and Outpatients' Clinic
edition' project and who never lost faith in their Sobotta team or the for Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg.
tight schedule, this edition in its present form would not have been Last but not least, we would like to thank our families, who not only
possible. Others whom we are similarly grateful to for their involve were very gracious and understanding of all the time we devoted to the
ment in the project and their share of its success are: Dr Antje Kronen 24th edition of the Sobotta, but who also gave us very helpful sugges
berg (editing), the abavo GmbH team (technical image processing and tions whenever we needed feedback. You have been a true support.
typesetting) and Nicola Kerber (layout design). We would very much like
to thank Dr Ursula Osterkamp-Baust for exhaustively compiling the in Erlangen and Munich. summer of 2017
dex. Friedrich Paulsen and Jsns Waschks
1. List of Abbreviations
Singular: Plural: female
A. Arteria Aa. Arteriae male Percentages:
Lig. Ligamentum Ligg. Ligamenta In the light of the large variation in
M. = Musculus Mm. = Musculi individual body measurements, the
N. Nervus Nn. Nervi percentages indicating size should
Proc. Processus Procc. Processus only be taken as approximate
R. = Ramus Rr. = Rami values.
v. Vena Vv. Venae
var. Variation
2. General Terms of Direction and Position
The following terms indicate the position of organs and pans of the longitudinalis= parallel to the longitudinal axis (e.g. Musculus
body in relation to each other, irrespective of the position of the body longitudinalis superior of the tongue)
(e.g. supine or upright) or direction and position of the limbs. These ssgittalis = located in a sagittal plane
tenns are relevant not only for human anatomy but also for clinical m~ trsnsversslis = located in a transverse plane
dicine and comparative anatomy. transversus = transverse direction (e.g. Processus transversus of a
thoracic vertebra}
General tenn1
anterior-posterior= in front-behind (e.g. Arteriae tibiales anterior et Terms of dlntedon and position for the llmt.
posterior) proxima/is - distalis = located towards or away from the attached end
wntrslis-dorsalis = towards the belly -towards the back: of a limb or the origin of a structure (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares
superior-inferior= above-below !e.g. Conchae nasales superior et proximalis et distalis)
inferior)
crsnislis - csudslis = towards the head - towards the tail for the upper limb:
=
dexter-sinister= right -left {e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes dextra et radialis-ulnaris on the radial side - on the ulnar side {e.g. Arteriae
sinistral radialis et ulnaris)
intamus-axtamus = internal-external
=
superficialis-profundus superficial-deep {e.g. Musculi flexores for the hand:
digitorum superficialis et profundus} pslmaris - dorsalis = towards the palm of the hand - towards the beck
medius, intermedius= located between two other structures {e.g. the of the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus
Concha nasalis media is located between the Conchae nasales dorsalis}
superior and inferior)
medisnus = located in the midline (Fissura medians anterior of the for the lower limb:
=
spinal cord). The median plane is a sagittal plane which divides the tibialis - fibularis on the tibial side - on the fibular side (e.g. Arteria
body into right end left halves. tibialis anterior)
medialis - lsterslis = located near to the midline - located away from
the midline of the body {e.g. Fossae inguinales medialis at latera lis) for the foot:
fronts/is= located in a frontal plane, but also towards the front (e.g. plantaris - dorsalis = towards the sole of the foot-towards the back
Processus frontalis of the maxilla) of the foot (e.g. Arteria& plantares lateralis et medialis, Arteria
dorsalis pedis!
3. Use of Brackets
I 1: Latin terms in square brackets refer to alternative terms as given in ( 1: Round brackets are used in different ways:
the Terminologia Anatomies (1998}, e.g. Ren [Nephros). To keep the - for terms also listed in round brackets in the Terminologia Anatomi
legends short, only those alternative terms have been added that c a, e.g. (M. psoas minor)
differ in the root of the word and are necessary to understand clinical - for terms not included in the official nomenclature but which the
tenns, e.g. nephrology. They are primarily used in figures in which the editors consider important and clinically relevant, e.g. !Crista
particular organ or structure plays a central role. zygomaticoalveolaris)
- to indicate the origin of a given structure, e.g. R. spinalis (A.
vertebral is}.
Colour Chart
Concha nasalis inferior Os oocipitale In the newborn the following cranial bones are
indicated by only one colour:
-
Mandibula Os palatinum
Maxilla Os parietal& Os nasale, Os temporals, Mandibula
Os ethmoidale Os sphanoidale Maxilla, Os incisivum
- -
Os frontale .. Os temporale Os occipitale, Os palatinum
Os lacrimala Os zygomaticum
Os nasale Vomer