Smith's General Urology

770 Pages·2007·6.23 MB·English

a LANGE medical book
Smith’s
General Urology
Seventeenth Edition
Editors
Emil A. Tanagho, MD
Professor Emeritus of Urology
University of California School of Medicine
San Francisco, California
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS
Professor of Urology
University of California School of Medicine
Chief, Department of Urology
San Francisco General Hospital
San Francisco, California
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Contents
Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Emil A. Tanagho, MD
2. Embryology of the Genitourinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, & Heip T. Nguyen, MD
3. Symptoms of Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS
4. Physical Examination of the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Maxwell V. Meng, MD, & Emil A. Tanagho, MD
5. Urologic Laboratory Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Karl J. Kreder, Jr, MD, & Richard D. Williams, MD
6. Radiology of the Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Scott R. Gerst, MD, & Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD
7. Vascular Interventional Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Roy L. Gordon, MD
8. Percutaneous Endourology & Ureterorenoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Joachim W. Thüroff, MD, & Rolf Gillitzer, MD
9. Laparoscopic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
J. Stuart Wolf, Jr, MD, FACS, & Marshall L. Stoller, MD
10. Retrograde Instrumentation of the Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Marshall L. Stoller, MD
11. Urinary Obstruction & Stasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Emil A. Tanagho, MD
12. Vesicoureteral Reflux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, & Hiep T. Nguyen, MD
13. Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Hiep T. Nguyen, MD
14. Specific Infections of the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, & Christopher J. Kane, MD
15. Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
John N. Krieger, MD
16. Urinary Stone Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Marshall L. Stoller, MD
iii
iv / CONTENTS
17. Injuries to the Genitourinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS
18. Immunology & Immunotherapy of Urologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Eric J. Small, MD
19. Chemotherapy of Urologic Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Eric J. Small, MD
20. Urothelial Carcinoma: Cancers of the Bladder, Ureter, & Renal Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA, & Peter R. Carroll, MD
21. Renal Parenchymal Neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Badrinath R. Konety, MD, & Richard D. Williams, MD
22. Neoplasms of the Prostate Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Joseph C. Presti, Jr, MD, Christopher J. Kane, MD, Katsuto Shinohara, MD, & Peter R. Carroll, MD
23. Genital Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Joseph C. Presti, Jr, MD
24. Urinary Diversion & Bladder Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA, Susan Barbour, RN, MS, WOCN, & Peter R. Carroll, MD
25. Radiotherapy of Urologic Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Joycelyn L. Speight, MD, PhD, & Mack Roach III, MD
26. Neurophysiology & Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Karl-Erik Andersson, MD, PhD
27. Neuropathic Bladder Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, Anthony J. Bella, MD, & Tom F. Lue, MD
28. Urodynamic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, & Donna Y. Deng, MD
29. Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, Anthony J. Bella, MD, & Tom F. Lue, MD
30. Disorders of the Adrenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Christopher J. Kane, MD, FACS
31. Disorders of the Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS
32. Diagnosis of Medical Renal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Flavio G. Vincenti, MD, & William J.C. Amend, Jr., MD
33. Oliguria; Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
William J.C. Amend, Jr., MD, & Flavio G. Vincenti, MD
34. Chronic Renal Failure & Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
William J.C. Amend, Jr., MD, & Flavio G. Vincenti, MD
35. Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Stuart M. Flechner, MD, FACS
CONTENTS / v
36. Disorders of the Ureter & Ureteropelvic Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Barry A. Kogan, MD
37. Disorders of the Bladder, Prostate, & Seminal Vesicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Emil A. Tanagho, MD
38. Male Sexual Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Anthony J. Bella, MD, & Tom F. Lue, MD
39. Female Urology & Female Sexual Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Donna Y. Deng, MD
40. Disorders of the Penis & Male Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS
41. Disorders of the Female Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Emil A. Tanagho, MD, William O. Brant, MD, & Tom F. Lue, MD
42. Skin Diseases of the External Genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Timothy G. Berger, MD
43. Abnormalities of Sexual Determination & Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Laurence S. Baskin, MD
44. Male Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Paul J. Turek, MD
45. The Aging Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Paul J. Turek, MD
Appendix: Normal Laboratory Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Marcus A. Krupp, MD, FACP
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
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Authors
William J.C. Amend, Jr., MD Stuart M. Flechner, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division Chief, Transplant Physician, Section of Renal Transplantation,
Department of Nephrology, University of California Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
School of Medicine, San Francisco, California Renal Transplantation
Diagnosis of Medical Renal Diseases; Oliguria: Acute Renal
Failure; Chronic Renal Failure & Dialysis
Rolf Gillitzer, MD
Karl-Erik Andersson, MD, PhD Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University,
Mainz, Germany
Professor and Chairman, Department of Clinical Percutaneous Endourology & Ureterorenoscopy
Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Neurophysiology & Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract
Roy L. Gordon, MD
Susan Barbour, RN, FNP, WOCN Professor of Radiology, Chief of Interventional
Clinical Nurse Specialist, University of California Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of
Medical Center, San Francisco, California California School of Medicine, San Francisco,
Urinary Diversion & Bladder Substitution California
Vascular Interventional Radiology
Laurence S. Baskin, MD
Chief of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD
University of California Children's Medical Center, Chairman, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-
Attending Urologist, Children's Hospital Oakland, Kettering Cancer Center, Professor of Radiology,
Oakland, California Cornell University, New York, New York
Abnormalities of Sexual Determination & Radiology of the Urinary Tract
Differentiation
Timothy G. Berger, MD Christopher J. Kane, MD
Executive Vice Chair and Director of Clinics, Clinical Associate Professor of Urology, Department of Urology,
Professor of Dermatology, Department of University of California School of Medicine, Chief,
Dermatology, University of California School of Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical
Medicine, San Francisco, California Center, San Francisco, California
Skin Diseases of the External Genitalia Specific Infections of the Genitourinary Tract; Neoplasms of
the Prostate Gland; Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
Peter R. Carroll, MD
Professor and Chair, Department of Urology, Ken and Barry A. Kogan, MD
Donna Derr-Chevron Endowed Chair in Prostate Professor of Urology and Pediatrics, Chief, Division
Cancer, University of California School of Medicine, of Urology, Albany Medical College, Urological
San Francisco, California Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany,
Urothelial Carcinoma: Cancers of the Bladder, Ureter, & New York
Renal Pelvis; Neoplasms of the Prostate Gland; Urinary Disorders of the Ureter & Ureteropelvic Junction
Diversion & Bladder Substitution
Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA
Donna Y. Deng, MD Assistant Professor of Urology and Epidemiology,
Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa
of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, City, Iowa
California Urothelial Carcinoma: Cancers of the Bladder, Ureter, &
Urodynamic Studies; Female Urology & Female Sexual Renal Pelvis; Renal Parenchymal Neoplasms; Urinary
Dysfunction Diversion & Bladder Substitution
vii
Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2001, 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
viii / AUTHORS
John N. Krieger, MD Mack Roach, III, MD
Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, Professor of Radiation Oncology and Urology,
University of Washington, Chief, Section of Department of Urology, University of California
Urology, VA Pugent Sound Heath Care System, School of Medicine, San Francisco Comprehensive
Seattle, Washington Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Radiotherapy of Urologic Tumors
Katsuto Shinohara, MD
Marcus A. Krupp, MD, FACP
Adjunct Professor, Department of Urology, University of
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, Stanford
California; Staff Surgeon, Urology Section, Veterans
University Medical School, Stanford, California
Administration Hospital, San Francisco, California
Appendix: Normal Laboratory Values
Neoplasms of the Prostate Gland
Eric J. Small, MD
Tom F. Lue, MD
Professor of Medicine and Urology, Urologic Oncology
Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University
Program, University of California School of Medicine,
of California School of Medicine, San Francisco,
Program Member, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer
California
Center, San Francisco, California
Neuropathic Bladder Disorders; Urinary Incontinence; Male
Immunology & Immunotherapy of Urologic Cancers;
Sexual Dysfunction; Disorders of the Female Urethra
Chemotherapy of Urologic Tumors
Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS Joycelyn L. Speight, MD, PhD
Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University Clinical Instructor of Radiation Oncology, University of
of California School of Medicine, Chief, Department California School of Medicine, Member, UCSF
of Urology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
Francisco, California Radiotherapy of Urologic Tumors
Symptoms of Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract; Injuries
to the Genitourinary Tract; Disorders of the Kidneys;
Marshall L. Stoller, MD
Disorders of the Penis & Male Urethra
Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of
California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Laparoscopic Surgery; Retrograde Instrumentation of the
Maxwell V. Meng, MD
Urinary Tract; Urinary Stone Disease
Department of Urology, University of California School
of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Physical Examination of the Genitourinary Tract Emil A. Tanagho, MD
Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of
California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract; Embryology of the
Hiep Thieu Nguyen, MD
Genitourinary System; Physical Examination of the
Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston,
Genitourinary Tract; Urinary Obstruction & Stasis;
Boston, Massachusetts
Vesicoureteral Reflux; Specific Infections of the Genitourinary
Embryology of the Genitourinary System; Vesicoureteral
Tract; Neuropathic Bladder Disorders; Urodynamic Studies;
Reflux; Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary Tract
Urinary Incontinence; Disorders of the Bladder, Prostate, &
Seminal Vesicles; Disorders of the Female Urethra
Joseph C. Presti, Jr., MD
Associate Professor of Urology, Director, Genitourinary Joachim W. Thüroff, MD
Oncology Program, Department of Urology, Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical School,
California Mainz, Germany
Neoplasms of the Prostate Gland; Genital Tumors Percutaneous Endourology & Ureteroenoscopy