Simplified Procedures for Water Examination

241 Pages·2002·3.244 MB·English

by  American Water Works Association

T
his is the fifth edition of Simplified Procedures for Water Examination, AWWA

M12. This manual provides operators with simplified procedures for tests commonly
Simplified Procedures
needed for process control in drinking water production. This edition includes new
and updated methods, laboratory equipment, and safety procedures.
The methods included in this manual are based on the presumption of high-quality
Water Examination
for
water of known and relatively constant composition. This manual also may serve
as a tool to acquire laboratory skills that will facilitate the use of AWWA’s Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
M
12
MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES
Fifth Edition
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply Advocacy
of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world. Communications
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community. Through our collective strength we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the Education and Training
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Sections
3P-5E-2.5C-30012-05/06-SB The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water SM
Simplified Procedures
for Water Examination
AWWA MANUAL M12
Fifth Edition
Science and Technology
AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological
knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public
health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.
MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES—M12, Fifth Edition
Simplified Procedures for Water Examination
Copyright © 1975, 1977, 1978, 1997, 2002 American Water Works Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system,
except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of
the publisher.
Project Manager and Technical Editor: Melissa Christensen
Production Editor: Carol Magin Stearns
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
Printed in the United States of America
American Water Works Association
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
ISBN 1-58321-182-9 Printed on recycled paper
Contents
Figures, vii
Tables, xi
Foreword, xiii
Acknowledgments, xv
Icon Key, xvii
Chapter 1 Water Quality Laboratory 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction, 1
Laboratory Procedures, 1
Sampling Techniques, 2
Using the Metric System, 5
Working With Chemicals, 5
Safety Procedures, 8
Equipment, 17
Record Keeping, 39
Chapter 2 Alkalinity 41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 41
List of Simplified Methods, 41
Simplified Procedure, 42
Chapter 3 Aluminum 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 45
List of Simplified Methods, 45
Simplified Procedure, 46
Chapter 4 Ammonia–Nitrogen 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 47
List of Simplified Methods, 47
Simplified Procedures, 48
Chapter 5 Calcium Carbonate Saturation 51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 51
List of Simplified Methods, 51
Simplified Procedure, 51
Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide (Free) 55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 55
List of Simplified Methods, 55
Simplified Procedure, 56
iii
Chapter 7 Chlorine Residual (General) 61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 61
List of Simplified Methods, 62
Simplified Procedures, 62
Chapter 8 Chlorine Demand 75
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 75
List of Simplified Methods, 75
Simplified Procedure, 75
Chapter 9 Chlorine Dioxide 79
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 79
List of Simplified Methods, 79
Simplified Procedures, 80
Chapter 10 Color 87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 87
List of Simplified Methods, 87
Simplified Procedures, 87
Chapter 11 Conductivity 91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 91
List of Simplified Methods, 91
Simplified Procedure, 92
Chapter 12 Dissolved Oxygen 95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 95
List of Simplified Methods, 95
Simplified Procedures, 95
Chapter 13 Fluoride 101
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 101
List of Simplified Methods, 101
Simplified Procedure, 101
Chapter 14 Hardness 105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 105
List of Simplified Methods, 105
Simplified Procedure, 105
Chapter 15 Iron 111
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 111
List of Simplified Methods, 111
Simplified Test Procedures, 112
Chapter 16 Jar Tests 115
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 115
List of Simplified Methods, 115
Simplified Procedures, 116
iv
Chapter 17 Manganese 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 129
List of Simplified Methods, 129
Simplified Procedure, 129
Chapter 18 Nitrate 133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 133
List of Simplified Methods, 133
Simplified Procedures, 133
Chapter 19 Nitrite 137
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 137
List of Simplified Methods, 137
Simplified Procedure, 137
Chapter 20 Ozone (Residual) 141
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 141
List of Simplified Methods, 141
Simplified Procedure, 141
Chapter 21 pH 145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 145
List of Simplified Methods, 145
Simplified Procedure, 145
Chapter 22 Phosphate 149
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 149
List of Simplified Methods, 149
Simplified Procedures, 150
Chapter 23 Silica 157
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 157
List of Simplified Methods, 157
Simplified Procedure, 157
Chapter 24 Sodium 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 161
List of Simplified Methods, 161
Simplified Procedure, 161
Chapter 25 Solids (Dissolved) 165
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 165
List of Simplified Methods, 165
Simplified Procedure, 165
Chapter 26 Sulfate 169
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 169
List of Simplified Methods, 169
Simplified Procedure, 169
v
Chapter 27 Taste and Odor 173
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 173
List of Simplified Methods, 173
Simplified Procedure, 174
Chapter 28 Temperature 177
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 177
List of Simplified Methods, 177
Simplified Procedure, 177
Chapter 29 Turbidity 179
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 179
List of Simplified Methods, 179
Simplified Procedure, 180
Chapter 30 Bacteriological Examination 183
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Test, 183
List of Simplified Methods, 184
Simplified Procedures, 185
Appendix A References and Other Sources of Information, 197
References, 197
Technical Assistance, 198
Product Information and, in Some Cases, Technical Assistance, 198
Appendix B Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals, 201
Chemical Storage, 201
Summary, 203
Appendix C List of Compounds, 205
Glossary, 209
Index, 213
AWWA Manuals, 219
Preparing Common Types of Desk Reagents, endsheet
Periodic Table of the Elements, endsheet
vi
Figures
1-1 Making solutions for the standard curve, 7
1-2 Typical photometric calibration curve, 9
1-3 Material Safety Data Sheets, 11
1-4 Plant information and safety center, 11
1-5 Right-to-know information, 12
1-6 First aid station, 12
1-7 Eyewash and shower stations, 13
1-8 Fume hood, 14
1-9 Safety procedures using fume hood, 14
1-10 Personal safety equipment, 16
1-11 Laboratory safety essentials, 16
1-12 Beakers, 17
1-13 Varieties of flasks, 18
1-14 Graduated cylinder, 18
1-15 Transfer (volumetric) and measuring pipets, 19
1-16 Pipet bulb, 19
1-17 Buret, stand, and clamp, 20
1-18 Reading of meniscus, 21
1-19 Automatic pipet, 21
1-20 Dispenser bottle top, 22
1-21 Amperometric titrator, 22
1-22 Digital titrator, 23
1-23 Bottles commonly used in the laboratory, 23
1-24 Crucibles, 24
vii
1-25 Varieties of funnels, 24
1-26 Petri dish, 25
1-27 Test tubes and storage rack, 25
1-28 Aspirator, 26
1-29 Desiccator, 26
1-30 Electronic balance, 27
1-31 Balance table, 28
1-32 Beam balance, 28
1-33 Autoclave, 29
1-34 Microscope, 30
1-35 Muffle furnace, 30
1-36 Oven, 31
1-37 Vacuum pump, 31
1-38 Membrane filter apparatus, 32
1-39 Conductivity meter (or bridge), 33
1-40 Jar testing equipment, 33
1-41 pH meter setup in a laboratory, 34
1-42 Turbidimeter (l) and spectrophotometer (r), 34
1-43 Color comparison kit with color wheels for several analyses, 35
1-44 Color comparison kit, featuring ampoule comparators, for dissolved oxygen, 35
1-45 Colorimeter, 37
1-46 Spectrophotometer, 37
1-47 Cuvettes, 38
1-48 Gas burner (Bunsen or Fisher burner), 38
1-49 Water still and deionizer cartridge, 39
1-50 Reverse osmosis system with cartridge polisher, 40
viii
6-1 Apparatus for collecting samples with dissolved gases, 58
9-1 Gas purging unit, 84
16-1 Laboratory G curve for flat paddle in the gator jar, 122
ix