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88 Pages·2017·14.87 MB·English

Applying the Engineering Systems Multiple-Domain Matrix Framework to Nanosatellite Space
Systems
by
Kyle B. Hurst
Bachelor of Science, Engineering Management
United States Military Academy at West Point, 2008
Submitted to the System Design and Management Program
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of
Master of Science in Engineering and Management
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June 2017
0 2017 Kyle B. Hurst. All rights reserved.
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and
electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or
hereafter created.
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Signature of Author
7 Kyle B. Hurst
System Design and Management Program
May 01, 2017
Signature redacted
Certified by
Dr. Donna H. Rhodes
Principal Research Scientist, Socio-technical Systems Research Center
Director, Systems Engineering Advancement Research Initiative
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Thesis Advisor
Accepted by_
Joan S. Rubin
System Design and Management Program
Executive Director
MaA S'Aruv0cE7 tiUITITUTE:
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUN 272Z017
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Disclaimer
The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or
position of the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government
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Applying the Engineering Systems Multiple-Domain Matrix Framework to Nanosatellite Space
Systems
by
Kyle B. Hurst
Submitted to the System Design and Management Program on May 01, 2017
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Engineering and Management
Abstract
The nanosatellite industry is expanding rapidly, as academic and private institutions develop new
technologies for experimentation on orbit. These "CubeSats" are resource constrained, complex
socio-technical systems that have complicated interdependencies across multiple domains. To
improve understanding and reduce ambiguity, systems engineers apply a variety of modeling
frameworks to model system behavior. Introduced in 2007, the Engineering Systems Multiple-
Domain Matrix (ES-MDM) framework addresses the interdependencies of a complex
engineering system, such as a CubeSat, across five domains: environmental, social, functional,
technical and process.
Using the Free-space Lasercom and Radiation Experiment (FLARE) CubeSat constellation as an
example engineering system case, the ES-MDM is constructed using the qualitative knowledge
construction framework to model and analyze the system drivers, stakeholders, objectives,
function, objects and processes of the system.
The primary objective of this analysis is to provide a structured systems design approach for
nanosatellite development that encompasses the entire system holistically. The second objective
is to analyze the interactions and interdependencies within a highly-constrained system and
determine key design nodes that are critical to system flexibility. The third objective is to
evaluate the ability of the ES-MDM methodology to analyze a highly-constrained system. The
fourth objective of thesis is to provide recommendations for future work to improve the ES-
MDM framework and the systems engineering field
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Donna H. Rhodes
Title: Principal Research Scientist, Socio-technical Systems Research Center
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Acknowledgements
This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Elizabeth. Thank you for your love and support throughout
our travels together. "God only know what I'd be without you." - Brian Wilson
I would like to thank the U.S. Army and SDM for this amazing opportunity to broaden my
educational horizons.
Lastly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Donna Rhodes. Her invaluable contributions
to my research and guidance throughout the thesis process was critical to the success of the
thesis.
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Table of Contents
Ab stract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
A cknow ledgem ents......................................................................................................................... 4
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 7
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 8
A cronym s........................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................. 11
1.1 Background and M otivation............................................................................................ 11
1.2 Research Scope ................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................ 13
1.4 Organization of Thesis..................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Introduction to Engineering System s.............................................................................. 15
2.1.1 W hat is System s Engineering?........................................... ..................................... . . 15
2.1.2 W hy do w e need System s Engineering?................................... .............................. . . 16
2.1.3 System value................................................................................................................. 17
2.1.4 Life-cycle properties................................................................................................... 19
2.2 Current M odeling Fram ew ork Overview .......................................................................... 20
2.2.1 D epartm ent of D efense Architecture Fram ew ork ..................................................... 20
2.2.2 U nified M odeling Language (UM L)......................................................................... 22
2.2.3 System M odeling Language (SysM L).......................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Object Process M ethodology (OPM ) ....................................................................... 25
2.2.4 D esign Structure M atrix (D SM )................................................................................ 28
2.2.6 Dom ain M apping M atrix (DM M ).............................................................................. 30
2.2.6 M ultiple-D om ain M atrix (M DM ).............................................................................. 32
2.3 ES-M D M ............................................................................................................................. 33
2.3.1 ES-M D M Background.................................................................................................. 34
2.3.2 System Drivers ............................................................................................................. 35
2.3.3 Stakeholders.................................................................................................................. 36
2.3.4 Objectives..................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.5 Functions ...................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.6 Objects.......................................................................................................................... 37
2.3.7 A ctivities....................................................................................................................... 37
2.3.8 Existence A ttributes................................................................................................... 37
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2.3.9 Interaction A nalysis................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 3: CubeSat Background and Evolution........................................................................ 39
3.1 Introduction to CubeSat Specifications............................................................................ 39
3.2 CubeSat Design................................................................................................................... 40
3.3 CubeSats as an Engineering System ................................................................................ 43
Chapter 4: FLA RE Case Study ................................................................................................... 45
4.1 FLA RE Program Background.......................................................................................... 45
4.2 FLA RE System Engineering Challenges........................................................................ 47
4.3 M otivation for ES-M D M A nalysis ..................................................................................... 51
Chapter 5: Constructing the ES-M D M ..................................................................................... 53
5.1 Inform ation Procurem ent and Abstraction...................................................................... 53
5.2 ES-M D M D evelopm ent and A nalysis ................................................................................ 56
Flexible De sign Opportunities............................................................................................ 67
N etwo rk Analysis .................................................................................................................. 74
5.3 Conclusions from ES-M D M analysis ................................................................................. 78
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future W ork................................................................................. 81
6.1 ES-M D M CubeSat A pplications......................................................................................... 81
6.2 A ssessm ent of ES-M D M M ethodology .............................................................................. 82
6.3 Future W ork ........................................................................................................................ 84
W orks Cited .................................................................................................................................. 86
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List of Figures
Figure 1 - Systems Engineering Effort vs. Actual/Planned Cost Ratio
Figure 2 - DoDAF View Points
Figure 3 - UML Diagram Tree
Figure 4 - SysML Diagram Tree
Figure 5 - Example of an OPD with corresponding OPL using the OPM framework
Figure 6 - Example DSM matrix before and after clustering analysis
Figure 7 - The DSM-DMM Periodic Table
Figure 8 - DMM mapping customer requirements with product specifications
Figure 9 - Multiple-Domain Mapping across process, product and organizational matrices
Figure 10 - Engineering System Multiple-Domain Matrix
Figure 11 - ES-MDM Domain Interactions Summary
Figure 12 - Example 3U CubeSat frame courtesy of FLARE PDR
Figure 13 - Proposed FLARE Design CAD diagram, courtesy of FLARE Team
Figure 14 - FLARE CONOPS, PDR 2017
Figure 15 - FLARE Structural Overview, PDR 2017
Figure 16 - Object Process Diagram for FLARE Satellite
Figure 17 - Qualitative Knowledge Construction Example
Figure 18 - System Driver Network Diagram
Figure 19 - Stakeholder Value Network Diagram
Figure 20 - Functional Decomposition Diagram
Figure 21 - Formal Decomposition Diagram
Figure 22 - Process Architecture Diagram
Figure 23 - Example of QKC Coding in FLARE Technical Document
Figure 24 - FLARE ES-MDM
Figure 25 - FLARE ES-MDM Network Graph
Figure 26 - Example Subgraph
Figure 27 - Example Network Graph
Figure 28 - Example Change Graph
Figure 29 - Graph of Objects by Desired Flexibility Score
Figure 30 - DoDAF 2.0 viewpoints overlaid in an ES-MDM
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List of Tables
Table 1 - SysML and OPM Comparison
Table 2 - CubeSat Standard Dimensions
Table 3 - Change Scenario Probability
Table 4 - Change Initiator/Relationship
Table 5 - Example Component Expected Expense for Change Scenario 1, Lasercom Payload
Initiate, Power Relationship
Table 6 - Object Betweenness Comparison
Table 7 - Object Centrality Comparison
Table 8 - External Stakeholder Betweenness and Centrality Comparison
Table 9 - Internal Stakeholder Betweenness and Centrality Comparison
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Acronyms
3U - Three Unit (10 cm x 30 cm)
ADCS - Attitude Determination and Control System
C&DH - Command and Data Handling
C4ISR - Command, Control, Communications and Computers Intelligence Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
CAM - Cambridge Advanced Modeler
CEE - Component Expected Expenses
CIRT - Change Initiator Affects Relationship Type
CONOPS - Concept of the Operation
CS - Component Switch Cost
CSD - Corporation Canisterized Satellite Dispenser
DFS - Desired Flexibility Score
DSM - Design Structure Matrix
DMM - Domain Mapping Matrix
DoDAF - Department of Defense Architecture Framework
EOL - End of Life
ES-MDM - Engineering Systems Multiple-Domain Matrix
FDO - Flexible Design Opportunity
FLARE - Free-space Lasercom and Radiation Experiment
FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array
FSO - Free-space Optical
INCOSE - International Council on Systems Engineering
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ISS - International Space Station
IT - Information Technology
LEO - Low Earth Orbit
MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory
MBSE - Model-Based Systems Engineering
MDM - Multiple-Domain Matrix
MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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MLI - Multilayer Insulation
OMG - Object Management Group
OPCAT - Object Process Case Tool
OPD - Object Process Diagram
OPL - Object Process Language
OPM - Object Process Methodology
Pc - Probability of Change Propagation
Pcs - Change Scenario Probability
PCIRT - Probability Change Initiator Affects Relationship Type
P-POD - Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployer
PDR - Preliminary Design Review
QFD - Quality Function Deployment
QKC - Qualitative Knowledge Construction
SE - Systems Engineering
STAR - Space Telecommunication, Astronomy, and Radiation
SVN - Stakeholder Value Network
SysML - Systems Modeling Language
UML - Unified Modeling Language
UNP - University Nanosat Program
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