Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century PDF
Preview Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century
Separations for the Nuclear Fuel cs.org w001 Cycle in the 21st Century bs.a33.f u9 p0 p://06- htt20 2 | bk- ugust 9, 201oi: 10.1021/ Ad 2 on 006 | 42 3.35.ne 9, 6u 1J by 89.Date: d n eo adati oc wnlubli oP D In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. cs.org w001 bs.a33.f u9 p0 p://06- htt20 2 | bk- ugust 9, 201oi: 10.1021/ Ad 2 on 006 | 42 3.35.ne 9, 6u 1J by 89.Date: d n eo adati oc wnlubli oP D In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 933 Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century cs.org w001 bs.a33.f u9 p0 p://06- Gregg J. Lumetta, Editor 2 | httbk-20 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ugust 9, 201oi: 10.1021/ KeWnansehitnhg toLn. SNtataes Uhn,i vEerdsitiyt or Ad 2 on 006 | Sue B. Clark, Editor 42 3.35.ne 9, Washington State University 6u 1J by 89.Date: Judah I. Friese, Editor d n Pacific Northwest National Laboratory eo adati oc wnlubli oP D Sponsored by the ACS Divisions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Inc. and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Separations for the nuclear fuel cycle in the 21st century / Gregg J. Lumetta, editor ... [et al.] ; sponsored by the ACS Divisions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Inc. and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 933) "Developed from a symposium sponsored by the ACS Divisions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Inc. and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology at the 227th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, California, March 28-April 1, 2004"—Pref. cs.org w001 IInScBluNd e*s9 7b8ib-l0i-o8g4ra1p2h-3ic9a3l 1re-9fe re(anlcke. sp aanpedr i)n dex. bs.a33.f u9 1. Nuclear f fuels—Congresses. 2. Reactor fuel reprocessing—Congresses. 3. p0 p://06- Separation (Technology)—Congresses. ugust 9, 2012 | httoi: 10.1021/bk-20 T62K19.4CE38I6nh.'03 geL.m3iSnu5i4em—ce3aer5lidt n tScag2o, 2cCG2 i0her0eteyg6m.g iM sJt.re,y e1,t i9Inn6gc0 .(- 2 aIn2Id.7 AthN m:u 2ce0lr0eica4ar n:C AChnheamehmiesiitcmrayl, aSCnoadcl iiTefoetyrcn.h iDnao)iv lIoiVsg2i.y0o S.0n Ie5sIr 0Ioi5.ef s7 AI.2n m2d9ue rsitcriaanl and Ad 2 on 006 | The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard 3.35.4ne 9, 2 fCoro pInyfroirgmhat t©ion 2 S0c0i6en Acems—erPiecramn aCnhenecme iocfa Pl aSpoecri feotry Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. 6u 1J by 89.Date: ISBN-10: 0-8412-3931-2 d n Distributed by Oxford University Press eo adati wnloublic A10ll 8R iogfh ttsh eR eUse.Srv. eCdo. pRyreipgrhotg rAapcht iics aclolpoywiendg fboery oinntde rtnhaal t upseer mointtleyd, pbryo vSiedcetdio nthsa t1 0a7 poerr - oP D chapter fee of $33.00 plus $0.75 per page is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Republication or reproduction for sale of pages in this book is permitted only under license from ACS. Direct these and other permission requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. Foreword The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to pro vide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re cs.org w001 osetharecrh o. rOgacncaizsaiotinoanlsly w, bhoeonk tsh aer teo dpeicv eilso poefd k fereonm i nstyemrepsot stioa tshpeo ncshoermedis btryy bs.a33.f audience. u9 p://p06-0 Before agreeing to publish a book, the proposed table of con htt20 tents is reviewed for appropriate and comprehensive coverage and for 2 | bk- interest to the audience. Some papers may be excluded to better focus ugust 9, 201oi: 10.1021/ tcahhpeap prbtoeoprorski a;at ero,et hopevereesrr v-mrieeavwyie wboere dai ndptdrreoioddr u ttcoot o prfriyno avclihd aaepc ctceeorpmsta pnarrceeeh eaondrsd irveeedjn.ee cDstsiro. anWf,t sah neodnf Ad 42 on 2006 | manuscrAipst sa a rreu lper,e opnarlyed o irni gcianmael rrae-sreeaardcyh fpoarmpearts. and original review 3.35.ne 9, papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previ 16Ju ously published papers are not accepted. by 89.Date: d n eo adati ACS Books Department oc wnlubli oP D In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. Preface Energy will be a critical issue in the 21st century. It can be anticipated that one of the great challenges in this century will be ensuring that the energy supplies required to raise the global standard of living will be available in the face of the threat of global climate change 2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-2006-0933.pr001 npptahnulauidncst la oeccnadheireauac ,lmr lfeefui napsesgslrii enoo.ding su- N bcaauaevvscsaea lvediillaiaa rrtbbn uiluplaeicolt llwyeyta oe nror o fspb uoga"pwrscpeeeleodernra honts onh"huo tusuhfemole dsg as fapniilsskl as ieinfyomud nae'iil sssnk s.gei eoy nAno erfslro t guhalyenro audinnng ise huume mfdfneis eoca titienfn nodagrt st 9, 20110.1021/ dnueccaledaers p oawt eprr teose cnotn trciobnustuem sipgtnioifnic alnevtleyl st.o Hfuotuwreev eenre, rgfoyr s ufpispsliioens,- bita sweidll n Augu6 | doi: bopee ersasteionntiaall etfofi cmieanicnyta iinn t hthee i mpapsrto vdeemcaednetss, thtoa tl ihcaevnes eb egeeno lmogaidcael inre pploasnt o0 5.42 9, 20 istpoerniets n fuocrl ewaars ftuee ilsso. lRateiocnyc, lainngd stpoe cnotn fsuidelesr h aagsa tihne t hpeo tiesnsutiael o tfo r beoctyhc leinnsgu orfe 3.3ne 6u adequate supplies of nuclear fuel long into the future and to reduce the 1J y 89.Date: long-term radiotoxicity of the wastes. wnloaded bublication NSuoccliTeeathyri s (bFAouCoelkS )iC sNy tcahlteei o ontuhatalc toM mweeae stoi nfh gae lisdny maAptn oatshhiueem im2 t2,i t7Cletha dlAi fSomerpneariraica,a tinMon Cas rhcfehom r 3itc0ha-el Do P April 1, 2004. The focus of this symposium was on assessing the current state of the art in nuclear separations science and technology as well as on identifying directions research and development should take to enable nuclear separations to meet 21st Century demands for waste minimi zation, environment protection, safety, and security. The subject matter of this book has been organized into five topical areas: (1) current trends and direction to the future, (2) aqueous processing, (3) emerging sepa rations systems, (4) actinide-lanthanide separations, and (5) solution- solid interactions. This collection of chapters provides a snapshot of the current state of nuclear separations chemistry and can be used to help guide future directions in this critical technological field. xi In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the Separations Science and Technology Subdivision of the ACS Division of Industrial and Engineering Chem istry, Inc. and the ACS Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology for sponsoring this symposium. We thank all of the participants of this symposium as well as the authors and reviewers of the manuscripts published in this book for their cooperation and valuable contributions. Finally, we thank the ACS Books Department for their encouragement and support in the publication of this book. org 01 Gregg J. Lumetta 2 | http://pubs.acs.bk-2006-0933.pr0 PPRgr.aiOeccghi.f glBia.clnuo Ndmx, o e9Wrt9tth9aAw,@ 9Meps9nta3 li5N.lg 2Soa ttvoi op(ne aMml SaLIialN)b oPr7a-to2r2y st 9, 20110.1021/ Kenneth L. Nash n Augu6 | doi: WP.Oas. hBinogxt o6n4 4S6t3at0e University 5.42 o9, 200 kPnuallsmha@nm, WaiAl.w 9s9u1.e6d4u- 4(e6m30a il) 3.3ne 6u 1J y 89.Date: Sue B. Clark wnloaded bublication PWPu.Oalls.m hBianongx,t oW6n4A 4S6 t93a9t01e 6 U4n-4iv6e3rs0i ty oP D [email protected] (email) Judah I. Friese Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop MSIN P5-50 Richland, WA 99352 [email protected] (email) xii In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. Chapter 1 Significance of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century Kenneth L. Nash1,*, Gregg J. Lumetta2, Sue B. Clark1, and Judah Friese2 1Chemistry Department, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, bs.acs.org 33.ch001 2Pacific NorthwPeusRlltmi Ncahanltai, onWnda,A lW L9A9a1b 96o94r3-a54t26o3 ry0, P.O. Box 999, u9 p0 p://06- 2 | httbk-20 st 9, 20110.1021/ uguoi: Ad Summary n 6 | o0 5.42 9, 20 The combined effects of increasing industrialization around 3.3ne the world, the threat of global climate change, and decreasing 6u oaded by 89.1cation Date: J odasifve gcanaaiilldfatieebcrsian.l niatttyliFy v ooetf ro e" ncffileusertsaguinryoe" n s-feobonuasessrrceigled ys f usnmeulusopc rplweel iaielirlms ,m ppioato rkwwteaei nltrlth ebitn eod etehvsceesoel nconotptrimmiableiu nnttoget wnlubli maintain the improvements that have been made in plant oP D operational efficiency, to license geological repositories for waste disposal, and to consider again the issue of recycling of spent nuclear fuels to recover its fuel value and to reduce the long-term radiotoxicity of the wastes. In this chapter, we present an overview of the nuclear fuel cycle from spent fuel recycling through the repository performance in the context of its importance to energy production in the 21st Century. © 2006 American Chemical Society 3 In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006. 4 Energy Demand and Geopolitical Situation At the beginning of the 21st Century, the world faces an unprecedented combination of energy and environment related challenges. At the same time that countries with large populations and underdeveloped infrastructure are engaging in a rapid modernization (industrialization) of their economies, we are becoming increasingly aware of the negative impacts of reinjecting fossil carbon into the environment as we consume fossil fuels to sustain the global economy. The transformation of poor economies into more modern versions is desirable for the stability of the world, as the poverty associated with underdevelopment is at the root of many social ills. However, increased demand for fossil fuels will simultansouely have the bs.acs.org 33.ch001 eddfeifmfeicninti tiisvohefi ncgion ncsrcuelpuapssliiinoegns s tochfae n fnorosatst ielb eco afd rrbaroewnlen a asbete caaonuf sieCn ct0hre2e a iseninnttogi rleyt h eerca opasitydms toreasmtpeh .e isrT efh aora untgodho u9 complex to reliably model, there are increasing indications that global climate p0 p://06- change could result in severe environmental degradation, which in turn might st 9, 2012 | htt10.1021/bk-20 trccoeao spmuaalbbvt iloneini ed dsoi infgw gnsi utithfphi cpeea ofnfriettm icsntpoigvac eciaa t sle gnureoporfhgw eyaai nvcgraou ln.pn soaTewprovu asalyuat itsoitgoanrni enm,e ndnaheyuov cubeleseloae ptr h mepa etommnwtoo essorpt f h rbmeaartoseiedo. den raTnlo onas opcfpfiuirserosttaihioecenshr uguoi: complicate the picture, it is likely that at some point in the future fossil carbon Ad n 6 | will become more valuable as a chemical feedstock than it is as a source of o0 5.42 9, 20 energy. 3.3ne Hoffert and coworkers (1) analyzed the global energy situation in a featured 16Ju paper in Science entitled "Advance Technology Paths to Global Climate aded by 89.ation Date: StabiCliutyrr: eEnnt egrlgoyb afol rp oaw Gerre cenohnosuumsep Ptiloann:e t"i. sT 1h2e yT Wrep (o1r0te12d Wthaattt:s ) oc wnlubli is 85% fossil fueled Do P Atmospheric C0: was 275 ppm in 1900 2 is 370 ppm in 2000 will be 550 ppm in 2100 They conclude that we will need 15 TW of emission free power by 2050 to stabilize atmospheric C0 at 550 ppm. These authors further indicate that fission 2 based nuclear power is the only presently developed technology that could deliver this performance. They further suggest that known terrestrial reserves of uranium are inadequate to sustain this level of power production if we utilize only the fissile 235U that is present. They conclude that it is imperative that development begin immediately on a serious international effort to close the nuclear fuel cycle and to breed additional fissile plutonium. In Separations for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 21st Century; Lumetta, G., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006.
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