SEP. AND DIVORCE for pdf

35 Pages·2001·1.16 MB·English

by  Nathalie Gravel

2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
Separation and
Divorce
What you need to know
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1 8 0 0 C A I S S E S
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
C O M M U N I C A T I O N - Q U É B E C
Publication produced by
Foreword
Direction générale de Communication-Québec,
of the Ministère des Relations avec les citoyens et de l’Immigration
Copywriting
Importance of resources
Odette Falardeau
Couples who are about to become separated or who already are separated
Advertising Sales and Graphic Production experience powerful emotions, especially when children are involved. The
reorganization of a family can produce devastating psychological, emotional,
physical, social and economic effects. Since separation and divorce are hard
to deal with emotionally, couples should use available resources to aid them
through this difficult period. For example, it is a good idea for couples to
Tel.: [phone]
consult experts about their rights and get support—either from
650, rue Graham-Bell, bureau 216
professionals1or community resources2. This way, it will be easier for them to
Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1N 4H5
make all the decisions which will later affect their daily lives. Consulting
Communication-Québec GuidesCollection resource people can also help members of a couple progress on a personal
level.
What to Do in the Event of Death Starting a Business
Baby Is on the Way For People 55 and Over
This Communication-Québec booklet offers general information about
Change of Address Separation and Divorce
different aspects of separation and divorce for both married and common-law
couples in order to help these people through the process. However, changes
These guides are available at the following Website
may occur after publication. When in doubt, inquire with your
www.comm-qc.gouv.qc.ca
Communication-Québec office.
These guides may also be obtained free of charge
If you would like general information on the programs and services offered by
at any of the 25 Communication-Québec offices (see page 61)
the departments and organizations of the Government of Québec, feel free to
call the Communication-Québec regional office nearest you. At the back of the
guide, you will find a list of the addresses and telephone numbers of our
Legal deposit – 2001
25 offices.
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec
2 National Library of Canada If, after reading the guide, you require additional information about 3
ISBN 2-550-36575-5
©Gouvernement du Québec, 2001 Government of Canada programs, please call 1-800-622-6232.
All rights reserved internationally.
Lastly, we would like to thank all departments and agencies that
Any reproduction of this guide for commercial purposes assisted in the updating of this booklet.
is prohibited unless authorized by Communication-Québec.
Note: In this publication, the masculine form is used to designate either
sex.
The information provided herein by Communication-Québec does
not have force of law. D
The information contained in this guide was verified in November R
2000. Certain programs may change during the year. O
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Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre 1. Lawyers, counseling specialists, notaries, psychologists, social workers, mediators, etc. E
Séparation et divorce. Vous pouvez obtenir un exemplaire gratuitement 2. CLSCs (local community service centres), community resources, family support R
organizations, youth centres, shelters, etc. O
à l’un des 25 bureaux de Communication-Québec. Voir page 61.
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
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Legal aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Table of Contents
Handling your own divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Psychosocial Aspects 8 Effects of legal separation and divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Effects of legal separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Counseling for couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Effects of divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Network of regional and community assistance groups Principles of family patrimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
(réseau d’action et d’entraide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Renunciation of family patrimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Domestic violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Family residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Life goes on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Declaration of family residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Children and separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Effects of protection provided
by declaration of family residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Support for parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Matrimonial regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Civil annulment of marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Legal Aspects 12
Religious annulment of marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Choosing Family Mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Aims of mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Common-law couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Role of mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Cohabitation contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Family mediation program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Separation agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Mandatory information session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Exemption from obligation
to attend information session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Summary of steps involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Mediation ordered by the court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4 Steps following mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Custody of the children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 5
Diagram outlining steps for the free mediation service .16
Parents’ legal rights and obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
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Sole custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 T
Separation and Divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
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Joint custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
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De facto separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 T
Review or alteration of agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
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Legal separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Grandparents’ rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 O
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Divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

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Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
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Separation and divorce procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 The principles of support payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
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Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Child support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 L
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Divorcing with the help of a lawyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Spousal support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 A
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Compensatory allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 with sponsorship of immigrant spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Maintenance of support obligation after death . . . . . . .40 Government programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Obligation to support grandchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Partition of employment income registered
Support payments and social assistance . . . . . . . . . . . .40 with the Québec Pension Plan (QPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Partition of accumulated benefits
under CARRA Pension Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Deduction and payment of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Canadian Child Tax Benefit and
Failure to pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Québec family assistance allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Exemption from automatic deduction Housing (shelter) allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
of support payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Medication insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Application of the plan for support Health insurance card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
payments payable before December 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . .42 Parental Wage Assistance Program (PWA) . . . . . . . . . . .55
Ex-spouse debitor resides outside Québec . . . . . . . . . . .43 Canadian, American and other retirement pensions . . .55
Review of a ruling according support . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Simplified procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Other important points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Indexation of support payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Debts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
End of collection of child support payments . . . . . . . . .44
Marriage contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Simplified diagram summarizing the steps
Wills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
for collection and payment of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Insurance policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
What’s in a name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Suggestions for further documentation 58
Reference literature not availble
Changing names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
at Communication-Québec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Presumption of paternity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
6 On Sale at Publications du Québec Outlets . . . . . . . . .59 7
Financial and Tax Consequences
Services for the Deaf, Hard-of-hearing
of Separation and Divorce 48
or Mute Who Have a Teletype Machine 60
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Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
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New rules for tax treatment of child support . . . . . . . . . .48 Communication-Québec offices 61 E
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Separation of property and family patrimony . . . . . . . .49 N
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Personal tax credits for source deduction purposes . . . .49
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Government of Canada credit for
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the Goods and Services Tax (GST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 O

Credit for Québec sales tax (QST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 E
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Financial commitment connected B
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
C O M M U N I C A T I O N - Q U É B E C
L’R des centres de femmes du Québec is a provincial umbrella organization
Psychosocial
that manages a network of 90 women’s centres throughout Québec’s regions.
L’R can put you in contact with the centre(s) for your region. These centres
aspects offer women in their community a place where they can feel that they belong,
a solution to isolation, and an action, education and mutual help network.
Some of these centres offer basic legal services or can refer you to specialized
resources if need be. For information, contact:
Resources
Counseling for couples
L’R des centres de femmes du Québec
Problems experienced by a couple may be simply temporary. When difficult 110 rue Sainte-Thérèse, bureau 507
moments are encountered, the option exists of seeking help outside the Montréal (Québec) H2Y 1E6
Tel: [phone]- Montréal area
couple, with the goal of finding solutions to disputes. In some cases, a resource
Fax: [phone]
person can help a couple get through a difficult period and perhaps even bring
E-mail: [email protected]
about a reconciliation.
The Groupe d’entraide aux pères et de soutien à l’enfant can provide support
In Québec, a number of psychological and social services are offered by CLSCs
to fathers experiencing problems resulting from a separation or a divorce. This
(local community service centres). Social workers can be consulted by couples
organization acts as an umbrella organization for groups across Québec
that are experiencing serious problems, whether it be a question of
whose mission is to offer support to fathers, whether by telephone or
family-related issues (separation or divorce, domestic violence, problems
face-to-face meetings that aim to aid them in relations with their children
between parents and children), or personal issues (depression, alcoholism,
following a separation.
drug use, bereavement, adapting to a serious illness, etc.). The telephone
number for your local community service centre can be found in the business
Groupe d’entraide aux pères et de soutien à l’enfant inc.
section of the white pages of your phone book under the heading CLSC.
4274 rue Papineau, bureau 101
Communication-Québec can also give you the phone number for the CLSC in Montréal (Québec) H2H 1S9
your area. Tel: [phone]– Montréal area
1-877-414-3773 – toll-free elsewhere in Québec
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Network of regional and community assistance Web site: www.cam.org/~gepse
8 groups (réseau d’action et d’entraide) 9
In addition, there are many regional organizations that can help families get
Domestic violence
through a separation or divorce. A lot of them are supported by the Fédération
S.O.S. Conjugal Violence provides victims of domestic violence with
des associations de familles monoparentales et recomposées du Québec. To
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find out about the organizations in your region that are affiliated with this immediate assistance. The service consists of a call-in line that can be used T
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association or for other information, contact: from anywhere in Québec 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. People confronted E
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with problems of domestic violence are encouraged to take advantage of this S
bilingual, free and confidential service. A
La Fédération des associations de familles monoparentales
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et recomposées du Québec A
8059 boulevard Saint-Michel S.O.S. Conjugal Violence CI
Montréal (Québec) H1Z 3C9 Tel: [phone]- Montréal area O
Telephone: [phone] - toll-free elsewhere in Québec OS
Fax: [phone] Teletype machine: See page 60 H
E-mail: [email protected] C
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
C O M M U N I C A T I O N - Q U É B E C
Life goes on Support for parents
A breakup in a couple is thought to represent one of the highest levels of stress, Health Canada has published a free guide: Because Life Goes On: Helping
second only to bereavement. Separation and divorce are very difficult passages Children and Youth Live with Separation and Divorce. This guide contains
to go through. It can be helpful to seek aid or psychological support before, much practical advice that can help parents cope with separation and divorce.
during and after the breakup. Such a resource can offer the support necessary Specifically, the guide contains a detailed explanation of how children react
to ease the transition to a new family life. when faced with a breakup, according to their age. The psychological aspect
of a breakup is demystified and explained, so that readers gain a better
Taking advantage of such a resource can also help improve relations between
understanding of the human reactions of both the couple and the children.
former partners during a separation or divorce. For example, when disagreements
occur, partners will be more inclined to adopt a positive attitude and try to find The guide can be obtained directly by fax, by filling up the order form
solutions instead of attempting to cast blame. available on the Website or by writing Health Canada at the following address:
Moreover, during a separation or divorce, parents often have to delve deeply
Health Canada Communications/Publications
into themselves in order to make the right decisions. They want to act in the
Address Locator:
best interests of their children in making decisions that concern them, while 0913A
considering their own personal interests as well. Since a breakup entails Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0K9
Tel.: [phone]
change for all family members, it is vital to take the needs of everyone into
Fax: [phone]
account when deciding how the family is to be restructured.
Teletype machine: see page 60
You can consult or order this brochure at www.hc-sc.gc.ca
Children and separation
When a separation occurs, parents are preoccupied with the welfare of their
children. One good way of helping them adapt to the new family situation is
to actively continue being a parent to them. Doing so will preserve family ties
that will allow them to grow easily into adulthood. By helping children deal
with separation and divorce, you will equip them well to face other life
difficulties in the years ahead.
The tell-tale signs that indicate children are experiencing problems dealing
10 11
with a breakup include: their reactions in general, their perception and
understanding of the separation, their performance at school, etc. Attentive
parents will then use their judgement when deciding if the situation warrants
consulting a professional or obtaining help from community organizations. S
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CLSCs (local community service centres) can propose several resources for C
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coping with such situations. P
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
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rights, support payments, division of family property (or patrimony), as well
Legal aspects
as the present and future financial aspects of these questions. The mediator
will also prepare, in collaboration with the couple, a Draft agreement (which
is not a legal document) that can serve as a basis for preparing proceedings to
It is important to note that it is only the information session on family mediation be submitted before a court.
that is mandatory under the law for couples with dependent children who intend
Because the mediator must be impartial, one should not count on the
to go to court.
mediator to settle disputes. Moreover, ex-partners will need their own
lawyer—both in order to assure that the Draft agreement does not penalize
them and also to put the Draft agreement into legal form.
Choosing Family Mediation
The family mediation program is for couples with dependent children,
whether they were legally married or common-law couples, who:
Family mediation program
• are separated or divorced, or about to be; Since September 1, 1997, married or common-law couples, with
dependent children, who are going through a separation, divorce or review
• disagree about questions relating to custody of the children, access
of a judgment have access, within the limits provided for by the law, to the
arrangements, support payments, separation of property (referred to
services of an accredited mediator. Mediation can take place before or after a
in legal terms as «family patrimony») and other related financial
lawsuit is filed. The parties choose an accredited mediator together from a
matters;
professional association. The government family mediation program pays the
• plan to go to court.
fees for a maximum of six meetingswith an accredited mediator in the case
of a first application. If additional sessions are required to finalize a draft
agreement, the couple will have to pay for them. For changes to a judgment,
Aims of mediation
the parties are entitled to three other sessions for free.
The Act to institute, under the Code of Civil Procedure, pre-hearing
mediation in familylaw cases and to amend other provisions of the code, To be eligible for this free service, the spouses must make sure that the
passed on June 13, 1997, constitutes a new approach designed to reduce mediator who they have chosen is accredited and that the fees charged are $95
conflicts. Separating or getting divorced out of court, when possible, is a much per session, the rate set by law. If the fees are higher than $95 for each
less distressing experience than taking disputes before the court, and is appointment, the couple cannot benefit from the government program and
12 generally less expensive. Mediation is always subject to respect for privacy and has to pay the fees of the professional consulted in full. 13
rules of confidentiality. Either of the partners or the mediator can stop the
There is a list of accredited mediators which is available for consultation in all
mediation process at any point without having to justify doing so.
courthouses. You can also look for a mediator in the yellow pages of the
It should be noted that mediation is not suitable in the case of couples with phone book under Mediation Services. As of July 1998, there were about
problems relating to abuse of power (a manipulative spouse), violence, 1,150 accredited mediators throughout Québec. The Québec government
neglect, or drug or alcohol abuse. allows five professional associations to accredit their members: S
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Barreau du Québec (Québec Bar Association) E
Role of mediator Montréal region:[phone] P
Elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-361-8495, ext. 458 S
A mediator’s mission is not to be confused with that of a therapist, despite the A
fact that a mediator’s role does involve facilitating discussion. The mediator Chambre des notaires du Québec (notaries)
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must provide the necessary information (but not legal advice) so that the law Montréal region: [phone] A
Elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-263-1793 G
is respected when decisions are taken regarding child custody and access
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Mandatory information session
Ordre professionnel des conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du
Couples with dependent children who disagree about any of the consequences
Québec (counseling specialists)
of the breakup and who do not opt right away for mediation cannot be heard
Montréal region: [phone]
Elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-363-2643 by the courtwithout attending a mediation information session first. They
have the choice between a private meeting, where the two parties talk to a
Ordre des psychologues du Québec (psychologists)
mediator who they choose together, or a group session on mediation. To sign
Montréal region: [phone]
Elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-561-1223 up for a group information session, all you have to do is contact the family
mediation service at the courthouse in your region. The meeting lasts about
Ordre professionnel des travailleurs sociaux du Québec
an hour and a half and there are two mediators present. The information
(social workers)
Montréal region: [phone] provided by them concerns the nature and aims of mediation and the legal
Elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-731-9420 and psychosocial aspects of the situation. For a private meeting, you need to
choose an accredited mediator from one of the professional associations or
Youth centres are also authorized to accredit their employees
organizations listed on pages 13 and 14.
Montréal region: [phone]
Montérégie region: [phone]
Québec City region: [phone]
Exemption from obligation
Laval region: [phone]
Chaudière-Appalaches region: [phone] to attend information session
The Association de médiation familiale du Québec can also provide A spouse who has compelling reasons for not participating in a mediation
information to assist in choosing a mediator information session must advise the mediator of his/her choice. Valid reasons,
Montréal area: [phone]
which do not have to be stated, may concern major problems between the
Toll-free elsewhere in Québec: 1-800-667-7559
spouses, for example, the spouse’s ability or psychological state, or the distance
Some mediators offer co-mediation services and work in tandem with other between the homes of the two spouses. Once advised, the mediator sends in a
professionals—in the legal or psychosocial fields, for example. In cases such report to the mediation service at the courthouse so that it can exempt the
as these, the client pays the fees of the second professional because the spouse from the obligation to attend the information session.
government does not cover the cost of a second specialist.
Mediation ordered by the court
For more information about family mediation, see the Ministère de la Justice
brochure entitled Free Family Mediation, available either from the Ministère If it considers it appropriate, the court can order the spouses to go for
14 de la Justice or from Communication-Québec. One may also consult the mediation in the case of a contest suit if they have not already done so. The 15
Ministère de la Justice Web site at www.justice.gouv.qc.ca court or the family mediation service at the courthouse then automatically
appoints a mediator.
It is important to note that family mediation services are also available and
advantageous for couples who do not have any dependent children but want
Steps following mediation
help at reaching an understanding. Mediation services are not free in these
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cases, however. Once the mediation process is finished, it is time to give legal weight to the
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points agreed on and covered in the Draft agreement. Some couples decide C
not to have the understanding reached in the course of mediation legalized. E
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To give legal weight, or force of law to and ensure legal protection of the S
agreements jointly negotiated in mediation, a Court judgment, or ruling, is A

required (regarding separation of property, support payments, etc.). L
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separate.
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S E P A R A T I O N A N D D I V O R C E 2 0 0 1 E D I T I O N
C O M M U N I C A T I O N - Q U É B E C
Diagram outlining steps for the free mediation service To find out more about the family mediation program, you can get informa-
tion from:
Family mediation
Prerequisite: Couple with dependent child • any courthouse
Exemption possible from obligation attend information session
• the Ministère de la Justice
POSSIBLE STAGES
• professionals active in the field of family mediation (lawyers,
notaries, psychologists, social workers, counseling specialists, etc.)
De facto separation
• youth centres
• the professional associations referred to on page 13.
Able to get along with the Unable to get along
help of a mediator with each other
Separation and Divorce
De facto separation
Participation in a group or Both married and common-law couples can have a de facto (or non-legal)
private information session separation.
on family mediation
When they break up, some couples agree on the obligations for which they are
still responsible: custody and rearing of children, support payments,
separation of property purchased together, etc. This is also the case with some
Mediation
couples who, after concluding an agreement during family mediation, decide
Family mediation 6 free
not to have it legalized.
Yes
sessions No
Desire to reach an
Judgment review Unable to get along Since they are not ratified by a court ruling, these agreements are based
understanding
= 3 sessions entirely on trust and the good intentions of the spouses: they do not offer any
legal protectionif they are not kept. In the case of a married couple, de facto
separation has no effect on the matrimonial regime (family assets,
partnership of acquests, etc.).
ORuétscuolmtate
16 Legal separation 17
Draft agreement Agreement not validated Agreement negotiated via
covering points decided by court lawyers or trial Legal separation, or "separation as to bed and board" as it is officially
on by parties termed, only applies to married couples.
Mediator's report
A couple can decide to legalize their separation via a court ruling. This way,
arrangements for child custody, separation of property, and support are
S
legally protected. In terms of the law, legal separation is a judicial proceeding
T
Court Procedures
with the main effect of relieving the spouses of the obligation to live together, C
E
while at the same time legalizing the agreement they have come to. Since it
P
does not end the marriage, the other legal obligations stemming from the S
A
relationship remain. The bonds of marriage are not broken until the civil
Judgment on agreement
annulment of the marriage, divorce or death of one of the partners. L
A
If both spouses apply for legal separation, this is a joint action for legal G
NOTE:This chart can vary, depending on whether the information session or the E
mediation takes place before or after the suit is filed. separation (see section on Separation and divorce procedure, page 20). L