Semiconductor Quantum Dots Organometallic and Inorganic Synthesis

294 Pages·2014·3.02 MB·English

by  Green, Mark

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P0 Preface
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0 Therationaleforthisbookistwofold:toprovideausefulguidetosynthetic
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10. chemists and materials scientists who wish to prepare quantum dots and
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Don 0 1993 that opened up quantum dots to synthetic chemists, leading to the
d o vastly improved structures and materials described in this book, described
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sh the key organometallic reactions that can be traced directly back to
ubli Steigerwald's work on phosphine chalcogenides, although little recognition
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has been given to this leading work in solid-state chemistry. The reasons
behind this are unclear, although it may be because the most obvious
attributes of quantum dots—their tuneable optical properties—are inher-
ently physical rather than synthetic in nature, and the developments in
preparativechemistryemergedaertheopticalandphysicalpropertieswere
initially uncovered, explained and explored. Whatever the reasons, the
amalgamation of solution-based inorganic precursor chemistry, micelle
chemistry and the optical studies of quantum conned systems (previously
termedarticialatoms,colloidalsemiconductors,etc.—itwasnotuntil1988
thatMarkReed,thenatTexasInstruments,coinedtheterm‘quantumdot’)
resulted in the emergence of a robust discipline of interest to scientists
across a broad range of subjects.
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.33
SemiconductorQuantumDots:OrganometallicandInorganicSynthesis
ByMarkGreen
©MarkGreen2014
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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x Preface
Thisbook,inparts,readslikeaselectionofrecipes,andthisisintentional.
Severalexcellentpublicationsexisttodescribethequantumsizeeffects,the
physics,physicalchemistryandmathematicsinvolvedinquantumdots,but
fewdirectlytacklewhatinorganicandmaterialschemistsmightwant:atool
kittodescribehowtomakequantumdots,precursors,conditions,andwhat
9 properties (usually optical) might result. These descriptions also include
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4- are intentionally brief to allow the key papers to be described, I hope these
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2 publications.Withthousandsofpapersnowavailable,Ihopetoinducesome
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10 DDA Dodecylamine PVP Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone)
10. DDAB Dodecyldimethyl QD QuantumDot
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01pu FRET FörsterResonanceEnergy TBPS TributylphosphineSulde
7/2p:// Transfer TBPSe TributylphosphineSelenide
24/0n htt FTIR FourierTransformInfrared TBPTe TributylphosphineTelluride
on 4 o FWHM FullWidthatHalfMaximum t-Bu TertiaryButyl
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Dn Me Methyl Microscopy
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ed NMR NuclearMagnetic TOA Trioctylamine
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blis Resonance TOP Tri-n-Octylphosphine
Pu OA Octylamine TOPO Tri-n-OctylphosphineOxide
OAm Oleylamine TOPS Tri-n-OctylphosphineSulde
ODA Octadecylamine TOPSe Tri-n-Octylphosphine
ODE Octadecene Selenide
ODE/S SulfurinOctadecene TOPTe Tri-n-Octylphosphine
PAA Poly(AcrylicAcid) Telluride
PEG Poly(EthyleneGlycol) XPS X-RayPhotoelectron
PEI Poly(Ethylenimine) Spectroscopy
Ph Phenyl XRD X-RayDiffraction
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.33
SemiconductorQuantumDots:OrganometallicandInorganicSynthesis
ByMarkGreen
©MarkGreen2014
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
xi
View Online
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78 Chapter 1 The Preparation of II–VISemiconductor Nanomaterials 01
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Don 0 1.8 Microuidic Synthesis 39
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ubli Chapter 2 The Preparation of III–VSemiconductor Nanomaterials 53
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2.1 Properties and Applications ofIII–VMaterials 53
2.2 Group III–Phosphides 55
2.2.1 Increasing the EmissionQuantumYield
of III–VMaterials 58
2.2.2 The Growthof Anisotropic Particles 60
2.2.3 Other Phosphorus Precursors 62
2.3 Group III–Arsenides 64
2.3.1 Non-Coordinating Solvent Route 66
2.4 Group III–Antimonides 70
2.5 Group III–Nitrides 71
References 73
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.33
SemiconductorQuantumDots:OrganometallicandInorganicSynthesis
ByMarkGreen
©MarkGreen2014
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
xiii
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xiv Contents
Chapter 3 The Preparation of IV–VI Semiconductor Nanomaterials 77
3.1 PbE (E =S, Se,Te) 77
3.2 Other Group IVChalcogenides 87
References 88
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ed 5.5 Core/ShellStructures Basedon III–VMaterials 146
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Chapter 6 LigandChemistry 166
6.1 The Functions of Ligands 166
6.2 PhosphineOxide-Based Ligands 167
6.2.1 Tri-n-OctylphosphineOxide(TOPO) 167
6.2.2 Tri-n-Octylphosphine(TOP) 169
6.3 Amines 170
6.4 Thiols 173
6.5 CarboxylicAcids 176
6.6 SurfactantExchange 177
6.6.1 Thiol-Based Surfactant Exchange 179
6.6.2 Phosphine-Based Surfactant Exchange 187
6.6.3 Amine-BasedSurfactant Exchange 189
6.6.4 CarboxylicAcid-Based Surfactant Exchange 190
6.6.5 Polymers and Dendrimer-BasedSurfactant
Exchange 191
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Contents xv
6.7 Inorganic Ligands 198
6.8 Encapsulation Driven by Hydrophobic Interactions 198
6.9 Calixarenesand Related Macrocyclic Compounds 206
6.10 BiologicalMolecules asCapping Agents 207
References 210
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