Selenium : dietary sources, properties and role in human health

194 Pages·2015·2.96 MB·English

by  Morrison, Wanda

NUTRITION AND DIET RESEARCH PROGRESS

S
ELENIUM

D S , P
IETARY OURCES ROPERTIES
R H H
AND OLE IN UMAN EALTH

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N D
UTRITION AND IET
R P
ESEARCH ROGRESS

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NUTRITION AND DIET RESEARCH PROGRESS

S
ELENIUM

D S , P
IETARY OURCES ROPERTIES
R H H
AND OLE IN UMAN EALTH

WANDA MORRISON
EDITOR

New York
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ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook)

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CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Selenium Bioavailability in Foods: The Role
of Speciation and Interaction with Other Dietary
Components 1
F. Cámara-Martos, J. Marval - León
and R. Moreno - Rojas
Chapter 2 Selenium: Essentiality, Toxicity, Dietary
Supplementation and Analytical Challenges 29
Márcia Silva da Rocha, Lilian da Silva,
Jefferson Rodrigues de Souza,
Tatiana D. Saint’Pierre and Marcelo D. Almeida
Chapter 3 Selenium Speciation in HIV Infection in
the Antiretroviral Therapy Context 71
Lígia Moriguchi Watanabe,
Erika Grasiela Marques de Menezes,
Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana
and Anderson Marliere Navarro
Chapter 4 Selenium Supplementation and Autoimmune
Thyroid Diseases 87
Giacomo Sturniolo and Jordi Mesa
Chapter 5 Selenium: The Association between Diabetes Type-2
and Serum Selenium Concentration in A 2-YEAR
Dietary Intervention Trial 101
Ofra Paz-Tal, Einat K. Sheiner and Ayala Canfi
vi Contents
Chapter 6 Morphology, Toxicity and Bioactivity of Selenium-
Containing Nanostructures Based on Physiologically
Active Polymer and Proteins 123
T. E. Sukhanova, S. V. Valueva, M. E. Vylegzhanina,
A. A. Kutin and A. Derylo-Marczewska
Chapter 7 Bioavailable Nanoparticles Produced via Laser
Ablation of Se Target in Liquid 147
P. G. Kuzmin, G. A. Shafeev, V. V. Voronov,
E. N. Trushina, O. K. Mustafina, G. Yu. Maltsev,
I. V. Gmoshinskii and S. A. Khotimchenko
Index 165
PREFACE

Selenium is an important micronutrient in humans and animals, despite its
toxicity at high concentrations. This first chapter performs a thorough review
of selenium bioavailability in food stuffs and human diet. The second chapter
reviews the selenium essentiality and toxicity, the aspects related to the
selenium dietary supplementation and its daily consumption. The third chapter
describes the status of selenium and their metabolites in an antiretroviral
therapy context. The next chapter looks at selenium supplementation and
autoimmune thyroid diseases. Next, the authors address the association
between diabetes Type -2 and its levels in serum related to nutritional habits.
Then, the preparation of nanosystems based on zero-valent selenium
nanoparticles since this essential trace elements carries unique characteristics
is explored. Finally, the prospects of using nanoparticles of elementary
selenium as a nutrition source are discussed.
Chapter 1 – Selenium is an important micronutrient in humans and
animals, despite its toxicity at high concentrations, as it is part of the active
site of glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, this element is also component of
selenoprotein P and iodothyronine deiodinases, enzymes related in the
activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones. Although selenium can only
be obtained through diet, determination of the total selenium content in
foodstuffs could be misleading. It is much more appropriate to know the
amount of selenium present in the food that is actually absorbed and therefore
capable of being used by the body; i.e., the bioavailability. There are several
factors influencing this bioavailability such as chemical form (selenium
speciation) and dietary factors. The present chapter intends to perform a
thorough review of selenium bioavailability in foodstuffs and human diet.
Chapter 2 – Diseases associated with the lack or excess of nutrients can be
prevented by ensuring the quality of the nutritional composition of the diet.
viii Wanda Morrison
Dietary supplements can be used to control malnutrition, anemia and other
deficiencies in essential vitamins and micronutrients. These appear to be an
excellent resource of mineral supplementation in places where the soil is poor
in essential elements, however, the quality of such products must be assured.
Insufficient nutrient amounts will not provide the desired benefits while
excessive amounts can lead to toxicity. This is even more problematic because
of the lack of rigorous quality control in the manufacturing process: the
regulations for dietary supplements are less strict than the laws regulating
pharmaceutical drugs. This is particularly salient in the case of selenium,
whose range between essentiality and toxicity is especially narrow. The aim of
this chapter is to review selenium essentiality and toxicity, dietary
supplementation and daily consumption without medical supervision. The
main techniques and challenges for selenium analysis will be also discussed.
The chapter will be divided into three main sections, as follows:
Section I: The first chapter section will give an overview on aspects
inherent to selenium essentiality and toxicity and its correlated chemical
species.
Section II: This section will present aspects related to the use of dietary
supplementation, dietary supplements misformulation and their consumption
without medical supervision.
Section III: This last section will discuss the analytical methods for
selenium determination, including spectrometric methods, chromatographic
methods and speciation analysis.
Chapter 3 – The HIV infection is characterized by both quantitative and
functional progressive decrease of host's immunity, particularly related to the
CD4+ T cell depletion. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy increased the
life expectancy of HIV/AIDS patients due to the increase in CD4+ T cells, the
inhibition of HIV replication, and the risk reduction of opportunistic
infections. Despite the treatment efficacy, the patients are susceptible to side
effects such as metabolic changes, which contribute to micronutrients
deficiency and, consequently, promote a negative impact on immune function.
In AIDS pathogenesis, a selenium deficient state may influence in the
progression of HIV infection, since selenium plays an important role in the
immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that selenium
supplementation in HIV-infected patients improves their pathophysiology. The
relation between immune functions and selenoproteins as well as selenium
metabolites highlights the selenometabolomics. This review describes the
status of selenium and their metabolites in the HIV infection in the
antiretroviral therapy context.