Securing safe water supplies : comparison of applicable technologies

93 Pages·2012·3.274 MB·English

by  Erik Voigt, Henry Jaeger, Dietrich Knorr

Securing Safe Water Supplies
Comparison of Applicable
Technologies
Erik Voigt
Henry Jaeger
Dietrich Knorr

EFFoST Critical Reviews 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations...................................................v
List of Figures........................................................vii
List of Tables..........................................................ix
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................1
1.1 Waterborne/Water-Related Diseases..............................1
1.2 Natural Disasters........................................ ..........3
Chapter 2 The Need of Water Decontamination in Disaster Areas
and Areas with a Deficiency in Clean Drinking Water......7
2.1 Occurrence of Natural Disasters..................................9
2.2 Possible Consequences for the Local Water Supply After
or During a Disaster.............................................15
2.3 Summary and Recommendations................................17
Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Water Decontamination in
Disaster Areas............................................19
3.1 Quantity Over Quality...........................................19
3.2 Daily Need of Water............................................19
3.3 Typical Conditions of Water in Disaster Areas and
Basic Demand for Water Treatment and Sanitation............19
3.4 Training..........................................................20
3.5 System Sizes......................................................20
3.6 Preferable Characteristics of Equipment in Disaster Aid........20
3.7 Typical Duration of a Disaster Aid Assignment................21
3.8 Human Factor....................................................21
Chapter 4 Key Facts About Implementing Home Water
Treatment (HWT)........................................23
4.1 Define Strategy..................................................23
4.2 Design............................................................23
iii
iv TableofContents
4.3 Implement........................................................24
4.4 Monitor, Evaluate, Define.......................................24
Chapter 5 Established Basic Methods for Water
Decontamination..........................................25
5.1 Chemical..........................................................25
5.2 Mechanical.......................................................32
5.3 Pulsed Electric Fields............................................34
5.4 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)/UV..................................35
5.5 Thermal/Boiling..................................................36
5.6 Ultrasound........................................................37
5.7 Ultraviolet Light..................................................38
Chapter 6 Comparison of Systems Available on the Market........ 41
6.1 Household Size and Personal Use...............................41
6.2 Pulsed Electric Fields (Household Size)..........................61
6.3 Industrial/Community/Municipal Size – Ensuring Water
Quality at the Source............................................62
Chapter 7 Conditions and Requirements for a Successful PEF

System Implementation and Resulting Advantages of
This Method in Comparison to Established Methods......75
7.1 Requirements and Remarks......................................75
7.2 Resulting Advantages............................................76
Conclusion............................................................77
Acknowledgements....................................................79
Sources/Literature....................................................81
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AUS Australia
Ca Calcium
CAWST CentreforAffordableWaterandSanitationTechnology
CDC CentresforDiseaseControlandPrevention(USA)
CHC Chlorinatedhydrocarbons
CO Carbondioxide
2
CRED CentreforResearchontheEpidemiologyofDisasters
DALY Disability-adjustedlifeyears
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid
DR DemocraticRepublic
DRK “DeutschesRotesKreuz”/GermanRedCross
EAWAG “EidgenössischeAnstaltfürWasserversorgung,Abwasserreini-
gung und Gewässerschutz”/Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic
ScienceandTechnology
EM-DAT EmergencyEventsDatabase
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USA)
Fig. Figure

GDB Globalburdenofdisease
H S Hydrogensulfide
2
HWT Homewatertreatment
Mn Manganese
n.a. Notavailable/informationnotavailable
NaDCC Sodiumdichloroisocyanurate
NTU Nephelometricturbidityunit
P&G Procter&Gamble
PAH Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons
PEF Pulsedelectricfields
PoU Pointofuse
PV Photovoltaic
SANDEC DepartmentofWaterandSanitationinDevelopingCountries
SODIS Solardisinfectionsystem
TDS Totaldissolvedsolids
TSS Totalsuspendedsolids
v
vi ListofAbbreviations
TÜV “TechnischerÜberwachunsverein”/TechnicalInspection
Authority
UF Ultrafiltration
UK UnitedKingdom
UN UnitedNations
UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’sEmergencyFund
USA UnitedStatesofAmerica
UV Ultravioletradiation
Vol. Volume
WHO WorldHealthOrganisation
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1.1 Reductionindiarrhoealdiseasesmorbidityresultingfrom
improvementsindrinkingwaterandsanitationservices 2
1.2 Causesofdeathamongchildrenunder5yearsold
worldwidebetween2000and2003 2
2.1 Associationbetweenlackofimprovedsourcesofdrinking
waterandsanitationfacilities,anddeathsofchildrenless
than1yearofageattributabletodiarrhoealdiseases 8
2.2 Deathsattributabletodiarrhoeabyagegroupandregion
in2002 8
2.3 Globalsalesofbottlesoflocallyproduceddilutesodium
hypochloritefrom1996to2004 8
2.4 Summaryofnaturaldisastersfrom1900to2009including
numberofdisastersreported,fatalitiesreportedandpeople
reportedaffectedworldwide 9
2.5 Summaryofnaturaldisastersfrom1990to2009
includingnumberofdisastersandnumberofvictims

(killedandaffected)worldwide 11
2.6 Numberofnaturaldisastersbetween1900and2005
registeredinEMDATbygroup 11
2.7 Numberofhydrometeorologicaldisasters(1970–2005)
splitintotypes 12
2.8 Numberofgeologicaldisasters(1970–2005)splitintotypes 13
2.9 Numberofbiologicaldisasters(1970–2005)splitinto
epidemicandinsectinfestation 13
2.10 Numberofnaturaldisastersfrom1976to2005sorted
bycountry 14
2.11 Naturaldisasteroccurrencein2009 14
2.12 Regionaldistributionofnaturaldisastersfrom1991
to2005byorigin 15
2.13 Percentageshareofreportedoccurrencebydisastersub-group
andcontinentin2009 15
2.14 Percentshareofreportedvictimsbydisastersub-group
andcontinentin2009 16
vii
viii ListofFigures
2.15 Numberandoccurrenceofnaturaldisastersin2010and
incomparisontotheaveragefrom2000to2009sorted
bytype 16
2.16 Humanimpactbydisastertypeinthelastdecade
(2000–2010) 17
5.1 TheestimatednumberofusersofSODISapplications
worldwide,includingstartingperiodofprojectsand
countriesinwhichSODISisimplementedaslocalhouse
watertreatment(2008) 36
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1.1 Top10disastersin2010bynumberofdeaths 3
1.2 Tenworstdisastersofthelastcentury(1900–2000)
accordingtodeathtoll 3
1.3 Largedisastereventsovertheperiod2000–2010
impactingoncities 4
2.1 Groupsandtypesofnaturaldisastersasindexedby
theEM-DAT 10
5.1 Percentageofhouseholdsinselectedcountriesusing
differentwatertreatmentmethods 26

ix