Seasonal Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Some Anthicid Species (Coleoptera, Anthicidae) in a Rural Area in Kakuma, Kanazawa, Temperate Zone of Japan

2006·6.3 MB·

by  Takada, K

Elytra,Tokyo,34(2):363-373,November18,2006
SeasonalOccurrenceandSpatial DistributionofSomeAnthicid
Species (Coleoptera, Anthicidae) inaRural Area in
Kakuma, Kanazawa, TemperateZoneofJapan
Kenta TAKADA
LaboratoryofEcology,FacultyofScience, KanazawaUniversity,
Kakuma,Kanazawa, 920-1192Japan,
E-mail:[email protected]
Shin-lobi TANABE
InstituteofNatureandEnvironmentalTechnology, KanazawaUniversity,
Kakuma, Kanazawa,920-1192Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]
Shoji TAKABA
2-163 Wakamatsu, Kanazawa,920-1165Japan
E-mail:[email protected]
and
KojiNAKAMURA
Instituteof NatureandEnvironmental Technology, Kanazawa University,
Kakuma, Kanazawa,920-1192Japan,
E-mail:koj@i kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Abstract We examined the seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of
anthicids(Coleoptera,Anthicidae),apoorlyknowntaxoninecology,collectedbynet
sweepingalongalinecensusrouteacrossa rural landscapeina temperatezoneof
Japan. Inthissurvey,fouranthicidspecieswerecollected,andtwodominantspecies,
Clavico11is(4rlthicus)fuglensandMacratriaJ'aponica,wereanalyzed.Seasonalpatterns
ofCfugiensandMJaj)onicashowedthatbothspeciesoccurredonlyatacertaintime
ofthestudyyearwithclearunimodalpeaksofabundance,suggestingthat thesespecies
are univoltine. AnalysesofspatialdistributionofanthicidsclearlyindicatedthatC
fugienswascloselyassociatedwiththeshrublayer inforests. Ontheotherhand, the
spatialdistributionofMJaponicawasrestrictedtograsslandsadjacenttoforestedges.
364 KentaTAKADA,Shin-ichiTANABE,ShojiTAKABAandKoji NAKAMURA
Introduction
Recently,biodiversityhasbecomeacentralthemeinecology (e.g., CHRIsTENsER
etal., l996;PENNIsI,2005). A fundamentalquestioninbiodiversityresearchishow
ecologicalpatternsarediverseinnature. Toevaluateandconservebiodiversity, it is
nesessary to accumulatesuch basic information as spatio-temporal patternsand the
feedinghabitofeachtaxon. However,ecologistshavefrequentlyusedwell-knowntaxa
(e.g., butterflies, carabidbeetles, ants, wasps,mothsanddungbeetles) inecological
studies,becausethesetaxahavebeenwelldocumentedtaxonomicallyandbiologically
andareabletobeeffectivelysampledusingestablishedmethods. Thisbiasedattention
towell-knowntaxahastedtotheignoranceofpoorlyknowntaxainecologicalstudies.
Consequently, littleisknownabout theecologicalpatternsofpoorlyknowntaxa,even
astohowspeciesaredistributedacrosshabitatsandseason.
The family Anthicidae (Cucujoidea, Coleoptera) areaspecies-rich taxon that
consistsofabout3,000speciesworldwide,ofwhich60specieshavebeen recordedin
Japan (SAKAI, l985). Anthicidsareknowntoshowavarietyof feedinghabitssuchas
omnivore,scavenger, fungivore,predator,andpollenandnectar feeder,andhavebeen
foundinawiderangeofhabitatsfromhumanhabitationtonaturalenvironmentssuch
as forests, grasslands and near water (see BoRRoR et al., 1981; SAKAI, 1985;
LAWRENCE & BRITTON, 1991; YOUNG, 1991a, YOUNG, 1991b; WERNER &
CHANDLER,1995;POLLOCK&IVIE,1996). Someanthicidsplayanimportant roleas
predatorsor fungivoresinnaturalcommunitiesandhavebeenstudiedecologicallyor
entomologicallyfor theirvalueinthebiologicalcontrolofmajorpests(e.g., BUTLER,
1966; 0RPHANIDESeta1., 1971;McCUTcHEoN&DURANT, 1999) ormildew(e.g.,
VILJOENet al., l996). As a whole, however, little is known about theecology of
anthicids(WERNER&CHANDLER,1995;POLLOCK&IvIE, l996). Inparticular, few
qualitativedataareavailableabout thespatialandtemporalpatternsof thesebeetlesin
natu「alhabitats(WERNER&CHANDLER,1995;WOLDA&CHANDLER,1996).
Asapartofafaunalsurveyofcoleopteraninsectsinasatoyamalandscape,we
studiedseasonalpatternsandspatialdistributionsofanthicidbeetlesacrossdifferent
typesofvegetation. Weconductednetsweepingalongacensusrouteacrossasatoyama
landscapein Kanazawa, atemperatezoneofJapan. Thesatoyama isa traditional
agricultural landscapeinJapanandhasbeenmaintainedbyintermediatedisturbance
duetohumanactivitiessuchasexploitationofplantresources. Thesatoyamalandscape
ischaracterizedbyamosaicofvariousenvironmentssuchaswoodlands,grasslands,
farmsandothers (TAKEUCHI, 2001; KAT0, 2001; WAsHITANI, 2001), providinga
situation toexaminethespatialdistributionof variousinsectsacrossdifferentenviron-
ments. Netsweepingwasselectedasanunbiasedwaytorandomlycollectcoleopteran
insectsfromcertainenvironments. Inaddition,netsweepingisaneffectivemethodto
collect anthicids (WERNER &CHANDLER, 1995) as inaddition tolight traps(e.g.,
WERNER&CHANDLER, l995)andcantharidintraps(e.g.,CHANDLER,1976;YOUNG,
1984). Duringthefaunalsurvey,someanthicidspecieswerecollected. Inthispaper,
Spatio-temporalPatternsofSomeAnthicidSpecies 365
ecological aspects of anthicid speciesare reported withspecial reference to spatial
distributionand seasonal occurrence.
Methods
1. Studysite
Thestudysitewassituatedinasatoyamalandscapeonahillyarea(50-160ma.s.
1.)aroundtheKakumacampusofKanazawaUniversityinKanazawa,Ishikawa,Japan
(36°32'N,136°42'E) (Fig.1). Secondaryforestshavebeenestablishedontheslopeand
thetopof theh加y area,andconsistmainlyofdeciduousoaktreessuchasQuercus
variabilisBLUMEandQ.serrata THUNBERGexMURRAY (Fagaceae) andpartlyof
Japanesecedar,CryptomeriaJclponicaLINNAEUS(Taxodiaceae),andpinetrees,Pinus
dens1?eraSIEBoLDet ZUccARINI (Pinaceae). Grasslandswithoccasional standsof
aldertrees,AinusJaponicaTHUNBERG(Betulaceae),havebeengrownatthebottomof
thehillyareaandaredominatedbyPoaceaespp.,Persicaria thunbergii SIEBOLDet
ZUccARINI (Polygonaceae) andArtemisiasp. (Balsaminaceae).
A census routewasestablished in thesitesoasto cover 5mon bothsidesof the
routeandca240minlengthfromthebottomtothetopofthehillyarea. Theroutewas
divided inte l2sections ranging from16to21minlength(Table t). Sections1to6
weregrasslandsandsections7to t2weresecondaryforests. Of thesesixsectionsof
grasslands,sections1,2and6wereadjacenttotheedgesofsecondaryforests. Sections
4,5and6werepartlycoveredwithmarsharea. Of thesixforestsections,section12
includedsomesmallgapsduetothedeathofsinglepinetrees. In each section, we
recorded thedominantplantspeciesateachvegetation layer (herb,shruband tree
layers)andcountedallwoodyplants. Thenumberofwoodyplantindividualsperarea
andthedominant plantspeciesarelisted inTable t.
2. Samplingmethod
Coleopteraninsectsweresampledineachsectionbynetsweepingalongtheroute
intheorder fromsections1tot2(Fig.1). Thenetconsistedofa50cmdiameterhoop
withanylonmeshbagandwasfittedtoal5mstickthatcouldbelengthenedto5.4m.
Samplesweretakenfromthreedifferentvegetationlayers(herb:0-0.5m,shrub:0.5-1.5
m,tree:1.5-7.1mhigh) ontherightandleftsidesoftherouteineachsection. For the
herblayer,clumpsofJapanesepampasgrass,Mlscanthussp.(Poaceae),werenotswept.
Theshrublayer includedbamboograss,Sasapalmata(BEAN)NAKAI(Poaceae),and
thefoliageofshrubs, lowtreesandvinestwiningaroundsometreesandshrubs. In
sections3to5,however,clumpsofJapanesepampasgrassdominatedtheshrublayer.
Thetreelayerconsistedofthefoliageoftreesandvines. Thetotalnumberofsweepsin
a census differed amongsections and vegetation layersaccording toplant biomass
(Tablet). Thesurveywasconductedfrom21Aprilto20Octoberin1997atca lc-day
intervals,resultingin17samplingeventsintotal. Eachsamplingwasstartedbetween9
and 10 AM and finished between 2 and 3PM. All anthicids in thesamples were
366 KentaTAKADA,Shin-ichiTANABE,ShojiTAKABAandKojiNAKAMURA
A B
Fi9.1. Map showing the location of Kanazawa City (口 in A andB), Kakuma campus of
KanazawaUniversity(■ inBandC),andthestudysite(口inC).
identifiedastospeciesandcounted. AnthicidspecimensweredepositedinKanazawa
University and Kyushu University. In our study, we regard the Macratrjnaeas a
memberofAnthicidaeaccordingtoSAKAI (1985).
3. I)ataanalysis
_
Weusedonlyspeciesrepresentedbyatleasteightindividuals. Foreachspecjes,we
standardized thenumber of individualscollected ineachsectionwith thenumber of
Spatio-temporalPatternsofSomeAnthicidSpecies 367
Tablet. Featuresofsamplingsectionsalong thestudy routeinKakuma, Kanazawa
Woody
Dominantplantspeciesineachof Position
Section Length Numberof plant
Vegetati.on threevegetationlayers on the
No. (m) sweeping density
(H:herb,S:shrub,T: tree) hill
(/m2)
1 20 87 0.05 Grasslands H oac P 一一一一s.ar ,:--:::u e,9":: Bottom
torn 1 )
S asan「 ata' Puera'rl o.0 )
T o dO 'm m ntspe-:l.jes)
2 18 87 0.06 Grasslands H oac P P. :mu 9:": sP) Bottom
S
.
T odo 'm nt c.jes)
3 20 60 0.04 Grasslands H oac P P. :::1・tu 9//: . sP) Bottom
S . sP)
T( .9 rte .,nr一'/ ata)
17.5 57 0.10 Grasslands H oac u一…一.-一 :a) Bottom
S sP )
T ,m ・ '
19.5 71 0.10 Grasslands H o= P . ,:mu 9:::- sP) Bottom
S sP )
T J.aP. '
17.5 70 0.11 Grasslands H 一 Bottom
S nam
r
T JaP. '
7 16 90 0.42 Forests S :u- ・ ・ S Pe
T l - )
8 17.5 100 0.71 Forests S odom' nt ec.jes) S Pc
T odom'mnt ec.jes)
9 21 95 0.95 Forests S am a i 'JaPo-.M ToP
T u ra , n「一…一 donS. :ra,
oyPtom . . an.一ルa)
10 21 60 0.63 Forests S ..JaP 'S,Ca:M.car -・P0 M・a) ToP
T .'m
-・一
11 20 80 0.48 Forests ST .,・n: amE ,St XJ.a M・ca) ToP
12 20 80 0.56 Forests S andothers) ToP
T . do - a, eata and 。,hers)
Weexaminedwhether thenumberof woodyplant individualsper areaand
sweeps.
anthicidspecimenscollecteddifferedbetweensectionsingrasslandsandin forestsbythe
U-test (U). The relationship between thenumbersof woodyplant individualsand
anthicidbeetlesineachsectionwastestedusingSpearman'srankcorrelation(rs).
Wealso applied the indicator method proposed by DUFRi1.NEand LEGENDRE
(l997) toexaminethespatialdistributionofeachanthicidspeciesacrosssections. This
method combines the relative abundance of aspecies with the relative frequency of
368 KentaTAKADA,Shin-ichiTANABE,ShojiTAKABAandKojiNAKAMURA
occurrenceofthespeciesineachparticularhabitattypetoobtaintheindicatorvaluefor
thehabitat type (grasslandsand forests in our study). Thespecies indicator value
(IndVa1) isthemaximum indicator valueoverall habitat types. IndVa1ismaximum
whenallspeciesindividualsarefoundinasinglehabitattypeandwhenaspeciesoccurs
at allsitesof ahabitat type. Statisticalsignificanceof IndVa1wasevaluatedwith the
MonteCarlo test (MCCUNE& MEFFORD, 1997).
Foreachanthicidspecies,weexaminedwhetherthenumberofindividualscollected
differedamongvegetationlayersusingWilcoxon'ssigned-rankstest (T)orFriedman's
test (χ2).
Results and Discussion
1. Anthicldspeciescollectedfiromfo(liage
Intotal,4,590coleopteranindividualsbelongingto45 familiesand348specieswere
collected in thissurvey. Ofthesebeetles,anthicidswererepresentedby71individuals
(1.5%of thetotalnumberof individuals)distributedtothreegeneraand fourspecies
(1.1%of the total number ofspecies). ThesefourspecieswereClavico11is(Anthicus)
fuglens (MARsEUL, 1876) (51 individuals), MacratriaJaponica HAROLD, 1876 (16
individuals), Anthicomorphuscruralis LEWIS, 1895 (three individuals) andMacratrla
fluviatilis LEWIS, 1895 (one individual). Although weexcludedA cruralis and M.
jiuviatilisfromthefollowinganalysesofspatio-temporalpatterns,wepresent recordsof
thesetwospeciesfrom Kakuma, Kanazawa,Japanasfollows.
Anthicomorphuscruralis. 1ex.,Secondary forests (Section 15), 18-V-1997, K.
TAKADAleg;1ex.,Secondaryforests(Section l5),7-VI-l997,K.TAKADAleg;1ex.,
Secondary forests(Section15), 16-VI-l997, K.TAKADAleg.
Macratriafhiviatilis. lex.,Grasslands(Section3),15-VII-1997, K.TAKADAleg.
2. Seasonaloccurrence
Seasonalpatternsin thenumbersofCfav1coffls fuglensandMacratrfaJaponfcaare
shown in Fig 2. Clavico11isfugienswascollected from theendof April tomid-June,
whereasM.Japonicawascollectedfrommid-MaytothebeginningofAugust. Inboth
species, adultsoccur onlyat acertain timeof year with aclear peakof abundance,
suggestingthatbothspeciesareunivoltine. Suchseasonalpatternsarethecommonest
phenomenainthetemperatezone(WoLDA, l988).
In addition to these study data, we compiled two observational records from
IshikawaPrefecture(TAKABAet a1., 1998) andOdamiyamadistrict inEhimePrefec-
ture(SAKAI, 2000), andcompared thepatternsofseasonaloccurrenceof Clavico11is
fugiens and MacratriaJaponica, andsixother species, represented by at least eight
observations(Table2). Theseobservationalrecordswereobtainedbyvarioussampling
methodsfromanumberofplacesineach region. Thus, wewereonlyabletocompare
the rough features of their patternsof seasonal occurrence. In thesestudies, most
specieswerecollected fromspringtosummerandtheirseasonal lengthsofoccurrence
Spatio-temporalPatternsofSomeAnthicidSpecies 369
30
1C/avfvo/fzsfilg1e,7s
20
o
')、
u
一一
P 10
u
:n
q
-e 0
s
o)
-- 20
O
IL)
d
S
0
0
1997
Fig 2. Seasonal changein the total number of anthicid individualscollected bynetsweeping in
Kakuma, Kanazawa.
Table2. Seasonal occurrence of anthicid speciescollected inour study (口),and reported from
Ishikawa Prefecture (■ ) in TAKABA et a1. (1998) and from Odamiyama district in Ehime
Prefecture(▲ ) inSAKAI (2000).
Month
Species
Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Scp. Oct. Nov.
eostereopafpMsnippo川cus (LEWIS) ■ ■
Mac,・atr1a 1- afifis LEWIS ▲ ▲ ▲
sortafisLEWIS ▲ ▲ ▲
JaponicaHAROLD 、 二 l
Derarl,m1sc1av1pes(CHAMPION) ▲ ■▲ ■▲ ■▲ ■ ■▲ ▲ ▲
4Anthlcomorp1111snlponic1lsLEWIS ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
Clavlco11si fugiens (MARSEUL) 二 /■▲ 口■▲ ■▲ ▲ ▲
Sapitlttlsco11aeres (LEWIS) ▲ ▲ ▲
ranged from two to fivemonths. Thissuggestedhighlyseasonaloccurrencesof these
anthicidspeciesinthetemperatezoneofJapan. Ontheotherhand,Derarimusclavipes
(CHAMPION, l890),whichlivesinleaf litter (SAKAI,2000),werecollected fromMarch
to November, except for April andAugust, in Odamiyama. The occurrence of this
species may be seasonally less restricted even under the seasonal environment in
temperateJapan.
370 KentaTAKADA,Shin-ichiTANABE,ShojiTAKABAandKojiNAK、-MURA
3. Spatial distribution
The number of woody plant individuals was larger in forest sections than in
grasslandsections(0.08± 0.03ingrasslandsections,and0.62± 0.19inforestsections,U
test, U=0.00; P<0.01). Thenumber of individualsofClavico11isfuglens wassig-
nificantlylargerintheforestsectionsthaningrasslandsections(0.28± 0.68ingrassland
sections, and1023± 6.68 in forestsections, U test, U=0.00;P<0.01). On theother
hand, MacratriaJclponicashowednodifferencebetweenvegetations, althoughall indi-
vidualsofthisspecieswerecollectedingrasslands(3.07±5.98ingrasslandsections,and
0in forest sections, U test, U=l2.00;P=0.14) (Fig 3). Thepositive correlation
betweenthenumbersofspecimenscollectedandwoodyplant individualsacrosssections
wassignificant inC fugiens, whereasthenegativecorrelationwasmarginallysignificant
inM.Jctponlca(Table3). LargeIndVa1forC fugierlsindicatesthatthisspeciesiswidely
distributedacrosssectionsinaparticularvegetation type(Table3,Fig 3). IndVa1for
M. Japonica was small due to their distribution restricted to only two sections in
grasslands (Table 3, Fig 3). While the number of individuals of C fuglens was
significantlylargerattheshrublayerthanatthetreelayerinforestsections(Wilcoxon's
signed-rankstest,T= 0.00,P<0.05),M.Japonicashowednodifferenceamongvegeta-
tion layers in grassland possiblybecause of the low frequency of occurrence across
grasslandsections(Friedman'stest, 2=0.286,.P=n.s).
TheseresultsforthespatialdistributionofanthicidsclearlyindicatethatClavico11is
fugiens is closely associated with the shrub layer in forests. On the other hand,
MacratriaJaponicashowedapattern of distribution restricted tosections1and 2 in
grasslands,bothofwhichwereadjacenttoforestedges. SAKAI(2000)hasreportedthat
MacratriafiuviatilisandMacratriaserialisLEWIS,1876werecollectedat forestedges.
Thissuggested that some Macratria speciesareclosely associated with forest edges.
Most anthicidspecieshavebeenclassified intooneof threeecological types, riparian,
grassland and forest types (WERNER & CHANDLER, 1995; SAKAI, 2000). Of the
anthicidspeciesstudied, C fugiensobviouslybelongs to the forest type; however, it
seemsunsuitabletoassignanecological typetoMJaponicabasedon thesethreetypes,
becausethisspeciesislikelytobespecifictotheenvironmentalboundarybetweenforest
and grassland. Rather, we suggest that the forest edgeshould be added to the
Table 3. Rankcorrelationcoefficient (r)between thenumberofanthicidspecimensandwoodyplant
individualsandthespeciesindicatorvalueforeachanthicidspecies.
Total numberofindividualsper100
Species Correlation Indva1(%) sweeps/sitesrecorded
coefficient (r)
GrassIands Forests
CIavico11is.filgiens 0.84*** 97.3** 2/1 61/6
MacratriaJapo川ca -051* 33.3 18/2 0/0
*0.05くP<0.1: **P<0.05: ***P<0.01
Spatio-temporalPatternsofSomeAnthicidSpecies 371
Clavicoliisfilgiens MacratriaJaponica
4° T°'a'
20
0
s
d
o-- 40 1 :
M
s
0 20 n
0
-
/ 0
, , , , , , , , ,
M
c一
P 40 40 Chrublayer
u
3
20 20
s
-:)一・一 0 0二
d
S
40 Herblayer 40 llerblayer
20 20
0 N N N N N N 0 N N N N N N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
-・l l l---・・ -----l 1
Grassland Forest Grassland Forest
SectionNo.
Fig 3. Distribution of thenumber ofanthicidindividualscollectedpersweepof threevegetation
layersacrossthe12samplingsections. Linesbelowthesectionnumbersindicatethevegetation
(solidline: forest,dottedline:grassland). N:nosweeping(nofoliage).
classificationsystemasanewecologicaltypeofanthicidspeciesbasedlargelyonhabitat
preferenceinorder tomakethesystemmoreuseful for further ecologicalstudieson
anthicids.
Acknowledgement
WethankMr.TeruhisaUENo (KyushuUniversity) for identifyingsomeanthicid
specimens,Dr.ShinsakuKoJI,Dr.Satoru IwANIsHIandMr.AtsushiOHWAKI (Ka-
nazawaUniversity)forprovidingvaluablecommentsandMr.MasayoshiUMEBAYASHI
(KanazawaUniversity) fordrawingthemap. Thisresearchwaspartlycarriedoutby
theHakusan NatureConservation Fund, IshikawaPrefecture.
要 約
高田兼太・田辺慎一・高羽正治・中村浩二: 日本温帯域の里山におけるァリモドキ科 (Anthi-
372 KentaTAKADA,Shin-ichiTANABE,ShojiTAKABAandKojiNAKAMURA
cidae) に属する数種の季節変動と空間分布パターン.
1. 1997年4月から10月にかけて, 金沢市角間丘陵にある金沢大学角間キャンパス周辺の二
次林と草地で実施されたスウィーピング法によるラインセンサス調査で得られたァリモドキ科,
とくにァカホソアリモドキClavicoMsfugiens (51個体)とキァシクビポノムシMacratriaJapo,uca
(l6個体) の季節変動パターンと空間分布パターンを調べた.
2. ラインセンサス調査で得られたァリモドキ科のうち, アカホソアリモドキは4月下旬から
6月中旬に, キァシクビボソムシは5月中句から8月上句にかけて出現した. 両種ともに季節消
長のピークは1回であり, 出現時期も限られていたことから, これらの極は年1化であることが
示唆された. また, 本研究で得られたデータに加え, 石川県および愛媛県小田深山で非定量的採
集により得られたデータを用いて, アリモドキ科8種の出現時期と出現期間の長さを比較した.
その結果, 7種は春から夏にかけて出現し,それらの出現期間は2カ月から5カ月であり, これら
の種は日本の温帯域において, 高い季節性をもっことが示唆された.
3. ラインセンサス調査で得られたァリモドキ科2種の空間分布パターンを解析した結果, ァ
カホソアリモドキはおもに二次林内の低木層に広く分布し, キァシクビポソムシは林縁部付近の
草地にのみ分布することがわかった. 本科に属するほとんどの種は, 生息地選好性から, 水辺性
の種, 草地性の種および森林性の種に分けられるが, 前種は森林性の種であると考えられた. し
かしながら, 後種は3つのタイプの種とも異なる本木縁性の種であることが示唆された.
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