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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Preface The fifth edition of Schaum’s Outline of Electric Circuits represents a revision and timely update of materials which expand its scope to the level of similar courses currently taught at the undergraduate level. The book offers new sections on analysis methods for two-terminal resistive circuits and devices (including piecewise linear elements), circuits containing real op amps, Bode diagrams, first- and second-order filters and their implementation by active circuits, and Spice simulation of circuits containing op amps. The original goal of the book and the basic approach of the previous editions have been retained, however. The book is designed for use as a textbook for a first course in circuit analysis or as a supplement to standard texts and can be used by electrical engineering students as well as other engineering and technology students. Emphasis is placed on the basic laws, theorems and problem- solving techniques which are common to most courses. The subject matter is divided into 17 chapters covering duly recognized areas of theory and study. The chapters begin with statements of pertinent definitions, principles, and theorems together with illustrative examples. This is followed by sets of solved and supplementary problems. The problems cover a range of levels of difficulty. Some problems focus on fine points, which helps the student to better apply the basic principles correctly and confidently. The supplementary problems are generally more numerous and give the reader an opportunity to practice problem-solving skills. Answers are provided with each supplementary problem. The book begins with fundamental definitions, circuit elements including dependent sources, circuit laws and theorems, and analysis techniques such as node voltage and mesh current methods. These theorems and methods are initially applied to dc-resistive circuits and then extended to RLC circuits by the use of impedance and complex frequency. The op amp examples and problems in Chapter 5 are selected carefully to illustrate simple but practical cases which are of interest and importance to future courses. The subject of waveforms and signals is treated in a separate chapter to increase the student’s awareness of commonly used signal models. Circuit behavior such as the steady state and transient response to steps, pulses, impulses and exponential inputs are discussed for first-order circuits in Chapter 7 and then extended to circuits of higher order in Chapter 8 where the concept of complex frequency is introduced. Phasor analysis, sinusoidal steady state, power, power factor, and polyphase circuits are thoroughly covered. Network functions, frequency response, filters, series and parallel resonance, two port networks, mutual inductance, and transformers are covered in detail. Application of Spice and PSpice in circuit analysis is introduced in Chapter 15. Circuit equations are solved using classical differential equations and the Laplace transform, which permits a convenient comparison. Fourier series and Fourier transforms and their use in circuit analysis are covered in Chapter 17. Finally, two appendices provide a useful summary of complex number system, and matrices and determinants. This book is dedicated to our students, and students of our students, from whom we have learned to teach well. To a large degree it is they who have made possible our satisfying and rewarding teaching careers. We also wish to thank our wives Zahra Nahvi and Nina Edminister for their continuing support. MAHMOOD NAHVI JOSEPH A. EDMINISTER About the Authors MAHMOOD NAHVI is professor emeritus of Electrical Engineering at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California. He earned his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D., all in electrical engineering, and has 50 years of teaching and research in this field. Dr. Nahvi’s areas of special interest and expertise include network theory, control theory, communications engineering, signal processing, neural networks, adaptive control and learning in synthetic and living systems, communication and control in the central nervous system, and engineering education. In the area of engineering education, he has developed computer modules for electric circuits, signals, and systems which improve teaching and learning of the fundamentals of electrical engineering. JOSEPH A. EDMINISTER is professor emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, where he also served as assistant dean and acting dean of Engineering. He was a member of the faculty from 1957 until his retirement in 1983. In 1984 he served on the staff of Congressman Dennis Eckart (D-11-OH) on an IEEE Congressional Fellowship. He then joined Cornell University as a patent attorney and later as Director of Corporate Relations for the College of Engineering until his retirement in 1995. He received his B.S.E.E. in 1957 and his M.S.E. in 1960 from the University of Akron. In 1974 he received his J.D., also from Akron. Professor Edminister is a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio, a member of the bar in Ohio, and a registered patent attorney. Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Electrical Quantities and SI Units 1.2 Force, Work, and Power 1.3 Electric Charge and Current 1.4 Electric Potential 1.5 Energy and Electrical Power 1.6 Constant and Variable Functions CHAPTER 2 Circuit Concepts 2.1 Passive and Active Elements 2.2 Sign Conventions 2.3 Voltage-Current Relations 2.4 Resistance 2.5 Inductance 2.6 Capacitance 2.7 Circuit Diagrams 2.8 Nonlinear Resistors CHAPTER 3 Circuit Laws 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 3.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 3.4 Circuit Elements in Series 3.5 Circuit Elements in Parallel 3.6 Voltage Division 3.7 Current Division CHAPTER 4 Analysis Methods 4.1 The Branch Current Method 4.2 The Mesh Current Method 4.3 Matrices and Determinants 4.4 The Node Voltage Method 4.5 Network Reduction 4.6 Input Resistance 4.7 Output Resistance 4.8 Transfer Resistance 4.9 Reciprocity Property 4.10 Superposition 4.11 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 4.12 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 4.13 Two-Terminal Resistive Circuits and Devices 4.14 Interconnecting Two-Terminal Resistive Circuits 4.15 Small-Signal Model of Nonlinear Resistive Devices CHAPTER 5 Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Circuits 5.1 Amplifier Model 5.2 Feedback in Amplifier Circuits 5.3 Operational Amplifiers 5.4 Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Op Amps 5.5 Inverting Circuit 5.6 Summing Circuit 5.7 Noninverting Circuit 5.8 Voltage Follower 5.9 Differential and Difference Amplifiers 5.10 Circuits Containing Several Op Amps 5.11 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 5.12 Analog Computers 5.13 Low-Pass Filter 5.14 Decibel (dB) 5.15 Real Op Amps 5.16 A Simple Op Amp Model 5.17 Comparator 5.18 Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter 5.19 Summary of Feedback in Op Amp Circuits CHAPTER 6 Waveforms and Signals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Periodic Functions