Schaum's Outline of Applied Physics

480 Pages·2009·2.94 MB·English

SCHAUM’S
OUTLINE OF
Theory and
Problems of
Applied Physics
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SCHAUM’S
OUTLINE OF
Theory and
Problems of
Applied Physics
Fourth Edition
Arthur Beiser, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Physics
New York University
Schaum’s Outline Series
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon
London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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ISBN: 978-0-07-170239-3
MHID: 0-07-170239-3
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PREFACE
Thisbookisintendedtoprovidestudentsofappliedphysicswithhelpinmasteringthosephysical
principles that underlie modern technology. A wide spectrum of topics is covered, so that the
reader may select those which correspond to his or her particular needs. SI (metric) units are
mainly employed, although a few problems are worked out with British units to illustrate their
use.
Each section of a chapter begins with an outline of its subject. The solved problems that
followareoftwokinds:thosethatshowhownumericalanswersarefoundtotypicalquestions,
andthosethatreviewimportantfactsandideas.Nextisacollectionofmultiplechoiceexercises
whichserveasagaugeofthereader’sgraspofthechaptercontents.Thesupplementaryproblems
thengivethereaderachanceofpracticewhathasbeenlearned.
In preparing this edition, many of the explanations have been revised for greater clarity, a
number of new figures have been added for the same reason, and a generous selection of new
problemsofallthreekindshasbeenprovidedtogivethereadermoremodelsolutionsandfurther
opportunityforpractice.
ARTHURBEISER
v
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Useful Math 1
Algebra 1
Equations 2
Exponents 4
Powersof10 5
Units 8
SignificantFigures 10
CHAPTER 2 Vectors 17
ScalarandVectorQuantities 17
VectorAddition:GraphicalMethod 17
Trigonometry 19
PythagoreanTheorem 20
VectorAddition:TrigonometricMethod 22
ResolvingaVector 23
VectorAddition:ComponentMethod 25
CHAPTER 3 Motion in a Straight Line 31
Velocity 31
Acceleration 33
Distance,Velocity,andAcceleration 34
CHAPTER 4 Motion in a Vertical Plane 40
AccelerationofGravity 40
FallingBodies 40
ProjectileMotion 42
CHAPTER 5 Laws of Motion 50
FirstLawofMotion 50
Mass 50
SecondLawofMotion 50
Weight 52
BritishSystemofUnits 53
Free-BodyDiagramsandTension 55
ThirdLawofMotion 58
ApparentWeight 59
TwoandThreeDimensions 60
vii
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6 Friction 67
StaticandKineticFriction 67
CoefficientofFriction 67
RollingFriction 68
CHAPTER 7 Energy 74
Work 74
Power 76
Efficiency 76
Energy 78
KineticEnergy 78
PotentialEnergy 79
RestEnergy 81
ConservationofEnergy 81
CHAPTER 8 Momentum 88
LinearMomentum 88
Impulse 88
ConservationofLinearMomentum 91
Collisions 92
CollisionsinTwoandThreeDimensions 93
CoefficientofRestitution 94
CHAPTER 9 Circular Motion and Gravitation 101
CentripetalAcceleration 101
CentripetalForce 101
MotioninaVerticalCircle 104
Gravitation 106
SatelliteMotion 107
CHAPTER 10 Rotational Motion 112
AngularMeasure 112
AngularVelocity 112
AngularAcceleration 114
MomentofInertia 115
Torque 116
RotationalEnergyandWork 118
AngularMomentum 121
CHAPTER 11 Equilibrium 128
TranslationalEquilibrium 128
RotationalEquilibrium 133
CONTENTS ix
CenterofGravity 134
FindingaCenterofGravity 139
CHAPTER 12 Simple Machines 145
Machines 145
MechanicalAdvantage 145
Efficiency 146
CompoundMachines 146
TheLever 149
TheInclinedPlane 151
TorqueTransmission 152
CHAPTER 13 Elasticity 157
StressandStrain 157
Elasticity 157
Young’sModulus 158
ShearModulus 160
BulkModulus 162
CHAPTER 14 Simple Harmonic Motion 166
RestoringForce 166
ElasticPotentialEnergy 166
SimpleHarmonicMotion 167
PeriodandFrequency 167
Displacement,Velocity,andAcceleration 169
Energy 171
Pendulums 172
CHAPTER 15 Waves and Sound 178
Waves 178
WaveProperties 179
Logarithms 181
Sound 182
DopplerEffect 185
CHAPTER 16 Fluids at Rest 190
Density 190
SpecificGravity 190
Pressure 191
GaugePressure 191
PressureinaFluid 192
Archimedes’Principle 193
HydraulicPress 195