Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management

369 Pages·2009·1.44 MB·English

by  Katar Singh

Rural Development
ii Rural Development
Rural Development
Principles, Policies and Management
Third Edition
Katar Singh
Copyright © Katar Singh, 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
First published in 1986
This Third Edition published in 2009 by
SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd
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Published by Vivek Mehra for SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by Star
Compugraphics Private Limited, Delhi and printed at Chaman Enterprises, New Delhi.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available
ISBN: 978-81-7829-926-6 (PB)
The SAGE Team: Anjana C. Saproo, Vikas Jain, Mathew P.J. and Trinankur Banerjee
To
the fond memory
of
my beloved parents
vi Rural Development
Contents
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Boxes xiv
Preface to the Third Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix
1. Introduction 1
(cid:132) Concepts and Connotations of Rural Development 2
(cid:132) Basic Elements of Rural Development 3
(cid:132) Growth versus Development 4
(cid:132) Why Rural Development 5
(cid:132) Rising Expectations and Development 6
(cid:132) Development and Change 6
(cid:132) Human Beings as the Cause and Consequence of Development 7
(cid:132) Some Dilemmas in Development 8
(cid:132) Main Points 11
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 13
2. Rural Economy of India 14
(cid:132) Introduction 14
(cid:132) Size and Structure of the Rural Economy 15
(cid:132) The Characteristics of the Rural Sector 21
(cid:132) The Role of the Agricultural Subsector 25
(cid:132) The Role of the Non-agricultural Subsector 29
(cid:132) Challenges and Opportunities 32
(cid:132) Main Points 34
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 36
3. Measures of Development 37
(cid:132) Introduction 37
(cid:132) Measures of Level of Rural Development 38
(cid:132) Measures of Income Distribution 46
(cid:132) Measures of Development Simplifi ed 49
(cid:132) Concepts and Measures of Rural Poverty 50
vii
viii Rural Development
(cid:132) Main Points 56
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 57
4. Some Paradigms of Rural Development 59
(cid:132) Introduction 60
(cid:132) The Modernisation Theory 61
(cid:132) The Dependency Theory of the Marxist School 62
(cid:132) Rosenstein-Rodan’s Theory of the ‘Big Push’ 64
(cid:132) Leibenstein’s ‘Critical Minimum Effort Thesis’ 64
(cid:132) Lewis’ Model of Economic Development 65
(cid:132) Gunnar Myrdal’s Thesis of ‘Spread and Backwash’ Effects 67
(cid:132) The Human Capital Model of Development 68
(cid:132) The Gandhian Model of Rural Development 69
(cid:132) Development Theories from Other Social Sciences 73
(cid:132) Main Points 74
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 76
5. Determinants of Rural Development 78
(cid:132) Introduction 79
(cid:132) Changes in Output 80
(cid:132) Natural Resources 82
(cid:132) Human Resources 86
(cid:132) Capital 87
(cid:132) Technology 90
(cid:132) Organisational and Institutional Framework 92
(cid:132) Relation between Rural Development and Its Determinants 95
(cid:132) Main Points 95
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 98
6. Rural Development Policies 99
(cid:132) Introduction 99
(cid:132) Freedom, Control and Public Policy 100
(cid:132) Need for a Rural Development Policy 101
(cid:132) Goals of Rural Development Policy 103
(cid:132) Hierarchy of Policy Goals 104
(cid:132) Rural Development Policies in India 106
(cid:132) Globalisation and Rural Development 125
(cid:132) Main Points 128
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 130
7. Strategies for Sustainable Development 131
(cid:132) Introduction 131
(cid:132) The Concepts of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 132
(cid:132) Some Indicators of Non-sustainable Development 135
(cid:132) A Critical Review of India’s Strategies of Rural Development 141
Contents ix
(cid:132) Some Elements of a New Strategy for Sustainable Development 144
(cid:132) Main Points 152
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 153
8. Policy Instruments of Rural Development 155
(cid:132) Introduction 155
(cid:132) A Conceptual Framework 156
(cid:132) An Action System 159
(cid:132) Policy Instruments 159
(cid:132) Main Points 175
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 177
9. Equity-oriented and Growth-oriented Programmes 178
(cid:132) Introduction 178
(cid:132) Equity-oriented Programmes 179
(cid:132) Growth-oriented Programmes 184
(cid:132) Main Points 195
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 197
10. Poverty and Unemployment Eradication Programmes 198
(cid:132) Introduction 198
(cid:132) Current Poverty Scenario and Trends 199
(cid:132) Rural Employment Scenario 204
(cid:132) Poverty and Unemployment Alleviation Programmes 207
(cid:132) Social Welfare-oriented Programmes (SWOP) 216
(cid:132) Main Points 218
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 220
11. Natural Resources and Infrastructure Development Programmes 221
(cid:132) Introduction 222
(cid:132) Natural Resources-based Programmes 222
(cid:132) National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) 230
(cid:132) Pilot Weather-based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) 231
(cid:132) Infrastructure Development Programmes 231
(cid:132) Main Points 240
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 241
12. Planning for Rural Development 243
(cid:132) Introduction 243
(cid:132) Levels and Functions of Planning 244
(cid:132) Decentralisation of Planning 246
(cid:132) Methodology of Micro-level Planning 247
(cid:132) Methodology for Block- and District-level Planning 250
(cid:132) Main Points 257
(cid:132) Questions for Discussion 259