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ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PEACEBUILDING AND ETHNIC CONFLICT This handbook offers a comprehensive analysis of peacebuilding in ethnic conflicts, with attention to theory, peacebuilder roles, making sense of the past and shaping the future, as well as case studies and approaches. Comprising 28 chapters that present key insights on peacebuilding in ethnic conflicts, the volume has implications for teaching and training, as well as for practice and policy. The handbook is divided into four thematic parts. Part 1 focuses on critical dimensions of ethnic conflicts, including root causes, gender, external involvements, emancipatory peacebuilding, hatred as a public health issue, environmental issues, American nationalism, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Part 2 focuses on peacebuilders’ roles, including Indigenous peacemaking, nonviolent accompaniment, peace leadership in the military, interreligious peacebuilders, local women, and young people. Part 3 addresses the past and shaping of the future, including a discussion of public memory, heritage rights and monuments, refugees, trauma and memory, aggregated trauma in the African-American community, exhumations after genocide, and a healing-centered approach to conflict. Part 4 presents case studies on Sri Lanka’s postwar reconciliation process, peacebuilding in Mindanao, the transformative peace negotiation in Aceh and Bougainville, external economic aid for peacebuilding in Northern Ireland, Indigenous and local peacemaking, and a continuum of peacebuilding focal points. The handbook offers perspectives on the breadth and significance of peacebuilding work in ethnic conflicts throughout the world. This volume will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, ethnic conflict, security studies, and international relations. Jessica Senehi is a Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Imani Michelle Scott is a Professor of Communication at the Savannah College of Art and Design, USA. Sean Byrne is a Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Thomas G. Matyók is a Senior Lecturer in Political Science and Executive Director of the Joint Civil-Military Interaction Research and Education Network at Middle Georgia State University, USA. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PEACEBUILDING AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Edited by Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne, and Thomas G. Matyók Cover image: © Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne and Thomas G. Matyók; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne and Thomas G. Matyók to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Senehi, Jessica, 1959- editor. Title: Routledge handbook of peacebuilding and ethnic conflict / edited by Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne and Thomas G. Matyók. Other titles: Handbook of peacebuilding and ethnic conflict Description: First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2021061487 (print) | LCCN 2021061488 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367428037 (Hardback) | ISBN 9781032286433 (Paperback) | ISBN 9781003000686 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Peace-building‐‐Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Ethnic conflict‐‐Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Culture conflict‐‐Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Social conflict‐‐Handbooks, manuals, etc. Classification: LCC JZ5538 .R686 2022 (print) | LCC JZ5538 (ebook) | DDC 303.6/ 6‐‐dc23/eng/20220327 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021061487 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021061488 ISBN: 978-0-367-42803-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-28643-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-00068-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003000686 Typeset in Bembo by MPS Limited, Dehradun We dedicate this volume to our parents and children, and to Senator John Lewis (1940–2020) and Nobel Peace Prize–winner Betty Williams (1943–2020)—for their teachings and inspiration. CONTENTS List of illustrations xi List of contributors xii Acknowledgments xviii Introduction: Peacebuilding and ethnic conflict 1 Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne, and Thomas G. Matyók PART I Key Dimensions of Ethnic Conflicts 15 1 The roots of ethnopolitical conflict 17 Stuart J. Kaufman 2 How gender is implicated in ethnopolitical conflict 28 Franke Wilmer 3 Complex effects of external involvements in ethnopolitical violence 39 Marie Olson Lounsbery and Frederic S. Pearson 4 Re-examining peacebuilding priorities: Liberal peace and the emancipatory critique 48 Andrew E. E. Collins and Chuck Thiessen 5 Hatred is a contagious disease and public health issue in ethnopolitical conflicts 59 Izzeldin Abuelaish vii Contents 6 The environment and peacebuilding in ethnic conflict 71 Ane Cristina Figueiredo and Calum Dean 7 Deconstructing the relapse of American nationalism 83 Harry Anastasiou and Michaelangelo Anastasiou 8 How does the COVID-19 pandemic influence peacebuilding, diversity management, the handling of ethnic conflict, and ethnic minorities? 94 Mitja Žagar PART II Peacebuilders in Ethnic Conflicts 105 9 Indigenous peacemaking and restorative justice 107 Brandon D. Lundy, J. Taylor Downs, and Amanda Reinke 10 Interactive conflict resolution: Addressing the essence of ethnopolitical conflict and peacebuilding 118 Ronald J. Fisher 11 Core dynamics of nonviolent accompaniment and unarmed civilian protection 131 Patrick G. Coy 12 Peace leadership, security, and the role of the military in ethnopolitical conflict 141 Yvan Yenda Ilunga and Thomas G. Matyók 13 Interreligious peacebuilding: An emerging pathway for sustainable peace 151 Mohammed Abu-Nimer 14 The laughter that knows the darkness: The Mamas’ resistance to annihilative violence in West Papua 164 Julian Smythe 15 The role of youth in ethnopolitical conflicts 174 Cihan Dizdaroğlu and Alpaslan Özerdem viii Contents PART III Addressing the Past and Shaping the Future 185 16 On peacebuilding and public memory: Iconoclasm, dialogue, and race 187 Adam Muller 17 When the past is always present: Heritage rights, monuments, and cultural divides 198 Anya B. Russian 18 Voices of their own: Refugees missing home and building a future 209 Umut Ozkaleli 19 Trauma, recovery, and memory 220 Joseph Robinson 20 A season of reckoning for the children: Exploring the realities of aggregated trauma in the African American community 231 Imani Michelle Scott 21 Peace after genocide: Exhumations, expectations, and peacebuilding efforts in Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 Hasan Nuhanović and Sarah Wagner 22 A healing-centered peacebuilding approach 252 Angi Yoder-Maina PART IV Approaches and Cases 267 23 Sri Lanka’s postwar reconciliation: Reconciling the local and international 269 S. I. Keethaponcalan 24 Emancipatory peacebuilding and conflict transformation: Mindanao as a case study 280 Wendy Kroeker 25 Transformative peace negotiation 292 SungYong Lee ix