Role of Biodiversity Conservation in the Transition to Rural Sustainability (Science and Technology Policy)

353 Pages·2005·23.13 MB·English

by  Stephen S. Light, Poland) NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Role of Biodiversity Conservation i

THE ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE
TRANSITION TO RURAL SUSTAINABILITY
NATO Science Series
A series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science
Programme.
The series is published by IOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
Sub-Series
I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press
II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers
III. Computer and Systems Sciences IOS Press
IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers
V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press
The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI
Series.
The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists
of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally
supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other
types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the
results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and
scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.
Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest
advances in a field.
Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and
identification of directions for future action.
As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO
Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please
consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the series, as well
as details of earlier sub-series:
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.wkap.nl
http://www.iospress.nl
http://www.wtv-books.de/nato_pco.htm
Series V: Science and Technology Policy - Vol. 41 ISSN 1387-6708
The Role of Biodiversity
Conservation in the Transition
to Rural Sustainability
Edited by
Stephen S. Light
Conservation Science and Policy Consultant
/OS
P r e s s
Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
The Role of Biodiversity Conservation in the Transition to Rural Sustainability
5-9 November 2002
Krakow, Poland
© 2004, IOS Press
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher.
ISBN 1 58603 395 6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2003116196
Publisher
IOS Press
Nieuwe Hemweg 6B
1013BG Amsterdam
Netherlands
fax:[phone]
e-mail:
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Kristen Blann and Marin Byrne, staff from the Institute for
Agriculture and Trade Policy, for their indispensable help in finalizing this work. Thank
you also to Ricki McMillan, Rafal Serafin and Barbara Kazior for maintaining the financial
accounting and administration that accompanied the funding of this project. The NATO
Science Program, the Trust for Mutual Understanding and the Polish Environmental
Partnership underwrote expenses related to convening the Advanced Research Workshop in
Krakow and the production of the book. Bridget O'Meara, a doctoral intern, helped write
the Epilogue.
The Polish Environmental Protection Foundation, especially Barbara Kazior and
Rafal Serafin, organized the logistics and the travel arrangements for the Krakow
workshop, from coordinating flight schedules to the ARW program. Zbigniew Bochniarz
Director of the Center for Nations in Transition, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public
Affairs, University of Minnesota deserves special thanks for his support and
encouragement.
Much credit goes to Rafal Serafin for hosting the NATO ARW, especially while I
was incapacitated. Special thanks to the surgical team at the Surgeon's Hospital in Krakow
who saved my life. I was truly blessed.
Many more thanks go to the large team of international authors — researchers who
for the most part were working together for the first time. The workshop participants and
authors worked cohesively and inspired a network that continues to function.
Fikret Berkes, Tim Webb, K. Michael Bessey, Niels Roling were among those who
helped fashion our thinking in the early stages of the project. Special thanks to the steering
committee of Rafal Serafin, Zbigniew Bochniarz, Tim O'Riordon, and Jan Sendzimir. Our
NATO advisors, Ragnild Solhberg and Evan Vlachos, provided considerable direction and
encouragement.
Special thanks for all the editorial support from Anne Marie de Rover, Jolijn van
Eunen and Carry Koolbergen, of IOS Press and Susan Williamson, of the NATO Science
Programme.
Steve Light
St. Paul, Minnesota USA
August 2003
The Search for a Mutual and Interdependent Relationship
between Humans and Nature
"Dominion should be self-perpetuating not self-destructive. In short
"The reaction of land to occupancy determines the nature and duration
of civilization.... We inherit the earth, but within the limits of the
social and the plants succession we also rebuild the earth - without
plan, without knowledge of its properties, and with out understanding
of the increasingly rough-hewn and powerful tools which science has
placed at our disposal."
— Aldo Leopold
(in Meine, Curt 1988. Aldo Leopold.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp 302.)
Preface
Dr. Ragnhild Sohlberg
Vice President, Corporate Center, Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo, Norway
Member of the Science Technology Policy and Organization (STPO) Advisory Panel,
NATO Science Program
Scientific Secretary, The European Research Advisory Board (EURAB)l
As a member of the Advisory Panel of NATO's Science Program, "Science and
Technology Policy and Organization (STPO)," the major sponsor of this ARW, and due to
my professional and personal interest in the topic, I had the pleasure of participating in the
Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) in Krakow 5-9 November 2002. The NATO
Science Program attempts to have Panel representation at all major events.
My interest in and understanding of the importance of biodiversity conservation are
very much the result of six years (1995 - 2001) as a member and Chair of the Governing
Board of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).
During these years I frequently visited and travelled extensively through India and Sub-
Sahara Africa and learnt to appreciate the importance of conservation of genetic resources
and of rural sustainability.
Since I am also actively involved with the EU Commission, Directorate General for
Research (RTD), I found it particularly interesting that this ARW addressed challenges for
the Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) as the EU enlargement becomes a
reality, and attempted to identify possible ways to deal with these challenges, as well as
opportunities that the CEE experience offers for redesigning biodiversity research,
management and policies in Western Europe and North America.
2
The NATO Science Program was founded in 1958 with the establishment of the
NATO Science Committee, following the recommendations of a Committee on Non-
Military Cooperation in NATO. The report of that Committee of "Three Wise Men" (the
Foreign Ministers from Canada, Italy and Norway) asserted that progress in the fields of
science and technology can be decisive in determining the security of nations and their
position in world affairs. The Science Committee immediately recognized that the training
of young scientists and engineers was of paramount importance, and introduced a group of
support mechanisms that in essence remain today.
Since the early 1990s the NATO Science Program has served a wider scientific
community, as also scientists from the 27 Partner countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership
3
Council (EAPC) have become eligible for support. 1999 was a landmark year, in that, with
the exception of a small number of Fellowships, the Science Program was transformed so
that support is now devoted to collaboration between Partner-country and NATO-country
scientists or to contributing towards research support in Partner countries. The Research
Infrastructure Sub-program on Science and Technology Policy and Organization (STOP),
supports Advanced Training Courses (ATC) in science policy, graduate scholarships and
EURAB is a high level expert group providing strategic advice to the EU Commisioner for RTD (ref:
http//europa.eu.int/comm/research/eurab/index_en.html.)
2 See: http://www.nato.int/science/e/overview.htm
3 In 1958 NATO had 15 member countries. By 1999 NATO had 19 member countries plus the 27 Partner
countries.
internships, as well as Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) or Forums on science policy
issues, with an emphasis on identifying the needs of Partner countries.
In the application to the NATO Science Program for support for this ARW, it said:
"Science management in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is not well linked to policy
and planning for sustainable development [and that] new approaches for linking science,
policy and management are needed... ." The Workshop succeeded in an initial
identification of approaches, theories and methods that will be beneficial to CEE in this
regard and provided valuable lessons to the representatives from North America and
Western Europe. Two things should be kept in mind, however:
1. The background paper and the many case studies presented in the Workshop indicate
that the Western European nations and the US have not been all that successful when it
comes to biodiversity and rural sustainability.
2. What may be successful at one time or in one place, may be a failure or inappropriate at
another time or in another place. This is true even when it comes to identifying and
implementing policies and practices that aim to achieve long term goals like
biodiversity conservation and rural sustainability. The degree to which policies and
practices are successful or not depends on the specific context or local, national or
regional framework conditions at a given time.
Therefore, while we can and should learn and get ideas from the successful or even
the unsuccessful practices of others, even the most successful practices cannot be adopted
outright but must be adapted to the local circumstances.
Finally, I would like to thank the dedicated people who took the initiative for this
Workshop and organized it. In particular I would like to thank the Co-Directors, Professor
Rafal Serafin and Dr. Stephen S. Light, the staff, and the active and enthusiastic presenters,
facilitators and participants - each and everyone contributed to the success of the Workshop
and will help ensure that this will not become an isolated "happening".
Contents
Acknowledgements v
Preface vi
Ragnhild Sohlberg
The Role of Biodiversity Conservation in Rural Sustainability: An Introduction 1
Steve Light, Rafal Serafin, Timothy O 'Riordan, Zbigniew Bochniarz, Jan Sendzimir
and Kristen Blann
Section 1. The Importance of Dealing with Biodiversity in New Ways
A New Agricultural Policy for the United States 29
Dennis Keeney and Loni Kemp
Integration of Biodiversity in the Common Agricultural Policy Reform: Implications for
Research 48
Xavier Poux
Section 2. What are the Theoretical Contributions to the Conservation of Biodiversity
on Rural Landscapes
Institutional Innovation and Adaptive Management: Learning from Bolivia's
Decentralization Experiment 63
Krister Andersson and Marco A. Janssen
Building Institutional Capacity for Biodiversity and Rural Sustainability 79
Zbigniew Bochniarz and Richard S. Bolan
Promoting Sustainable Development at a Regional Level as an Economic Driver 95
Keith Buchanan
Toward Rural Sustainability in British Columbia: The Role of Biodiversity Conservation
and Other Factors 101
J.C. Day, Thomas I. Gunton, Tanis M. Frame, Karin H. Albert andK.S. Calbick
State of Biodiversity in Some Rural Areas of the Ukraine and Abilities of its
Improvement 14
Natalija Kovalchuk
Sustainable Rural Development: the Role of Community Involvement and Local
Partnerships 125
Malcolm J. Moseley
The Hickling Experience 136
Tim O'Riordan