R.gvedic Soma as a metallurgical allegory; soma, electrum is

90 Pages·2000·0.6 MB·English

by  Dr. S. Kalyanaraman

murtcel e,amoS
R.gvedic Soma as a metallurgical allegory; soma, electrum is deified
ABSTRACT
an is Soma as jusSto mpau)r,ip(a frolioftlcpc heaeeegtrs oissrooeainnsnc i o affli caatrRieio gnv edtah e in Gods
acycaojmnp~aatn,hi ee d ievnme pslsoeylaaesn(pd)dlp aadrmlaaaetntsudeo s rt ihaelrwts io tgdhee tihtaey_r,p ri
.)amo.t.singa ,ro( sac.r yb
elSieosIcmb Iftaaun ri nrdusdnrem iam n bc(gehs araussrc f chuo irananld ua,ihysc ntaaee hb,jd)cee n ,a ~ na
metalliapc a pvruier(tdiorkuforascif,m.tc uo,aiapsf _otri rniona ocg,ne )s,sa asml aetveerlti,hia enl t eraptr eted,
coomrpe(o muan_dk pqsyu.syroaoihtiirrrkihett t amneloez_ei d s tn )pag ol ts(a:pb alvea mar_anrsaaa,s- o-
gnisidixo retfa ,)iyar dna may.narih( revlis dna dlog )tlobrednuht a sa suorogiv ,asar .e.i ,30.840.9 VR .fc ,harjav
btamhseeet ra lelliecmu ten(hnrieten sf ipnyervodlir(r oest.anaerauecthassa odc ori_ )nr hpa g (d p)as e 'ru lba).
Reduciangge nitnsc luadlek alwciaeaonslsme l b ustibmlaet eria-l-sv egetabaalnnedi mparlo ductss-ua-cs h:
in (usbeo(dnfck( ealsachvsbbta.nuei ua)prairramtr,ii_mcdbnitl nfraossdlee.ialo, skryde) k ,,-.d,ea -a dng, dr ains
cupellatpiroonc esmsfaaeonksrcdi, r n ugc ibldeusrb,tir hnoegn ze-agseh)e,we (hoporao'reils mr i nisced
agso ldefnl eece).
:sepols niatnuom eht morf era setiryp eht taht ,esrev a ni hahd.rv _atavrap sa debircsed si amoS ,.g.e roF
9.0fs4lBtt6toeo(h.hwgnSe0eioeob 1 ntsmy gt a g e-ontbjd heaustefni'oah fqcffreuueo e sesr et) d
.]sepols niatnuom eht no gniworg ,ro :senots eht yb nettogeB[ .sesroh evitca
elmatVebiietosmdsair eiiipnascnlah t,w vnogeea eretdrodxnaere il cdTltl rcdovh htoama faaeh tsl ln e ugdee
progeny. rain; cattle, food, as such lineage:
si.s.r eht fo noitanigami citeop eht ,nevaeh eht sdrawot sesiar )erif( inga eht sa dna htrae eht si )ratla( idev ehT
(priesetxsp)ai rnncedtoasoosl f mm osl ogitchaolu ghutnsp,a ralrleeiclnoe rdhd ieesdatho rouflrm yya n
eht neeb evah hcihw snoitseuq lacihposolihp dnuoforp sesiar adevgiR eht ,level cimsoc a ta ,suhT .snoitazilivic
.snoitidart lacihposolihp naidnI fo daeh-niatnuof
lairetam gniveihca rof tseuq namuh eht ,yrogella na sa deweiv eb nac adevgiR eritne eht ,evitcepsrep a hcus nI
in and exploprhaitlioosnosp,h ical of realms to level material the transcending in value, exchange has which
of concept very the into insights new attain to language of limits morphological and semantic the expanding
'meaningu's,il nagn guagteh,r oumgeht ricaclh,a ntmeadn tmreauaaao nsnsfd,s e rstanditanh_get matanhnde
.ssilb ro ,agravs gniniatta ,ybereht ,namt_amarap
prismfnceocituinfarrptrpe iaiahonnllmofd lere eawscrato,se ir tdnka g gt,oibt vcyhe, ur snsa,eur d_e k tthaes All
well-being. m aterial gods, prayer, word, : resonance poetic spiritual
prtfehAorci fais ms se ffewtbrmoeoheoalnre myl k o wsienlge ctions:
9.063bT.rh2ie5l lipaunrti fSioemda -juiflacaaeremltesil pad rlsalti ses.
9.063.2T7hp eu rifie(dj uicesa)rp eo urefdo rtfhr ohme aveannf dr otmhf ei rmamenutp otnhs eu mmiottfh e
yajn~a]. osra cridfiivcien,e of place the placer,a ised the i.e.g,r ound: the of summit [Theg round.
pv?mana As&]t/ saema>? zu/³as/ #Nd?v> ,
A/i- ivña?in/ kaVya? .
pv?mana id/vs! py!rœ A/Ntir?]adœ As&]t ,
e1gaP
murtcel e,amoS
p&/iw/Vya Aix/ san?iv .
AdapftHreaodum ng o'ftsSre aos_m y an.cao'msm enAtioatnra yr Beryaa_ hman.a:
Somtahf esi ohltfoah oometre is nt t so np utatsnvP da(arS cocsdoo)rakhTcm rittvheamnhaaes a ekr s ey.su
the with them beats and shoots, Soma the of top on one (apduhtiss .abvoaanr.das) , two takes then He (am.s'u).
thfert ohme pmoo nu riwesbad ot aaetnrbrwdde o tst phs,w(uet egt oer ninaes S_s ov mata_hT neh. ean) .
no tup dna retaw _irav_itasav htiw niaga dettew ,)asamac( puc _atoh eht ni nekahs neht si amoS .top _irav_itasav
the into run to allowed is juice The out. runs juice the that so beaten are they and them, on laid is Grass stone. a
ehT ._atagdu eht yb dleh si hcihw )artivap_a'sad ro artivap( htolc eht hguorht deniarts neht ,)ay_inavah_a( hguort
orvg ersashealsos f: kindst wo (fprtupaor_onmotuo uartLgbehihahdeb rir raen. tc tia)ou.ng sh ti s fsiolmtae red
saucecaransmd,ca uospras s.
SUMMARY: SNAPSHOTS OF THE ARGUMENT
King Croesus of Lydia ca. 546-510 BC. Electrum Siglos
Electrum is a gold-silver alloy containing 20 to 45 percent silver. It varies from pale yellow to silver white in colour and is

usually associated with silver sulfide mineral deposits
e2 g a P
Gold-in-quartz from Idaho Spring's Humboldt Mine. Specimen is 5.0 inches long.
h
http://www.britannica.com/seo/g/gold
the Mother Lode, Nevada county, California By courtesy of Demuth Collection; photograph, Mary A. Root

L e a f f o r m a t i o n o n g o l d f r o m
murtcel e,amoS
http://home.hiwaay.net/~dddorf/gnm/gnm.cgi?quartz
su/;u/Pva&lts</ n in\R?terœ %/pSwe/ sUy¡/ n d?öa/ tm?is i]/yNt?m! ,
zu/-e é/Km< n d?zR/t< inoa?t/m! %dœ ^?pwurœ Aiñna/ vNd?nay .
1e.x1wtY1eRro7lV(iu.l Vcs 0D,aaaa5a nt git sdeenhcrad teaan,o ssa t,_ )
hlaiank des oasmnpedl endoirdn amednets ignfeeomdrb ellishmenatn,d
(lyinAgs)' vinlsios,knl eee eteptlohaliohaferoitsnnep trkhug h een
disappearidinangr kness.

Rguokailm sdac e hnad oiirns G kow.iflo srdnt o e hmae r twha,s hed
pBIMuac.erM(nl1ati.Ree1"n(afNaVra7Odcli.n.jn.n fse d ee5 . d ed) , .
,III .loV ,ylretrauQ lacirotsiH naidnI ,aidnI tneicnA ni ygrullateM dna
123)p.. 1, n1oM9.a2 r7c,h

Agatharcides (2nd century BC) describes how in Egypt gold-bearing ore was found and washed until more or less pure gold
dust remained. This dust was put "into earthen pots. They mix with this a lump of lead according to the mass, lumps of salt,
a little tin and barley bran. They put on a closely-fitting lid carefully smearing it with mud and heat it in a furnace for five days
and nights continuously; then they allow the pots to cool and find no residual impurities in them; the gold they recover in a
pure state with little wastage. This processing of gold is carried on round about the most distant boundaries of Egypt."
(Healy 1978, 154) "The procedure was tested in 1974 (Notton 1974) with an alloy of copper and silver containing 37.5% of
gold. It was found that heating the pots filled with the alloy and salt gave the highest gold recovery rate of 93%. Including tin,
lead or charcoal reduced the efficienty to less than 80%. Healy concluded that the account given by Agatharcides 'seems to
be an example of the conflation of at least two processes' (154)..Arthas'a_stra mentions salt among the articles necessary
for purifying gold: KA 02.14.23 mu_kamu_s.a_ pu_tikit.t.ah karat.ukamukham na_li_ sam.dam.s'o jon:gani_
suvarcika_lavan.am tad eva suvarn.am ity apasa_ran.ama_rga_h".(Diodorus--III,14,3-4; loc. cit. Harry Falk, Refining gold in

ancient India : ad JUB 3.17,3 in: Acta Orientalia 1997: 58, 47-51
B
arley husks would burn away and the base metals oxidized and absorbed by the crucible (silver is converted to silver
chloride by the salt.) (R.J. Forbes, in: Singer et al., A History of Technology, 1954, pp. 573-587).
Arfartgotomal mdSti urolme3l lefrieB(redtntCcir ene)aa rix .naut rmsy
(Pettina1t9o77 29G:)u .dr eeac orrdesc eivignofglrtm doho meu ntain
that in lie to tLa1ik9v3e8e3n8r- )a5,n;V i I . col. HB(a.Sh t(aht)ouufem
pmaoorfdt eT runr kneeSyaa rmtU sohpanepEt eu rp hrateafsnr,do m
Meluhha.

In the third millennium Sumerian texts list copper among the raw materials reaching Uruk from Aratta (Pettinato 1972:
82-3, 128) and all three of the regions Magan, Meluhha and Dilmun are associated with copper, but the latter only as an
emporium (Limet 1960: 85ff.; Waetzoldt 1981).
Alchemical tradition is documented in a text dated to the mid-second millennium BC in Mesopotamia; this is
e3gaP
murtcel e,amoS

reminiscent of the Rigvedic agnis.t.oma which lasts for days and nights!
"For 5 shekels of pappardillu stone you mix one-third mina of mountain honey, 10 shekels of TA, one su_tu of milk, 4 shekels
of red alkali and one-half sila of wine...You test on glowing charcoal... you pour into a stone bowl of algamis'u-stone
(steatite)...lute with dough...you heat it for a full day on a smokeless fire. You take out and..for five days, it is (not?) reliable.
You soak it in (liquid)...You boil alum and...in vinegar. You steep (the stone) in lapis lazuli-coloured liquid and place it in the
fire...Property of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon." (Text 1, Bab. K. 713; A. Leo Oppenheim, RA, 60, 1966, pp. 29-45).
Cha_ndogUypaa nis.(a5d. 10.4e)ss:.or ama o_ jatd_ae.dv a_na_m

annam.dteabvmha a_k s.ya(nkStifgitoSfinoosihmoo god seamr,ds a ,
Somae)a.tG ods
sampipymomaa1.sapt0s[.ni ..sayv8aodaa5nmht_.taienR3ymm V- 4
sboyrmaaamhm m a_vni.dout ransay a_s'nak_ats1i'0 cR.aV8(n 5Aa.V 3
14.t1dh.hhriS3atweuhtno)sghh nehkmh: raekt esae itn hy rn e bd s
togethtesohrofwe;m h ait Bchrhea _hman.kanson wow,nh ea tsoever
partakdeiss]t inguisbheetpStstwrtoh heihmateeeekaath ns n n a todtsw
whitchpher yo cess.

prtVowretadaaidio ugisdnimaSfitcotR e cenofshtd Vd sdme te,s aro . e d
was Soma Indra'; O Soma, drink fire, the of tongue the 'w3i.t3h5 .9,10:
9.2.10(;Rr6Vi, t8uV)ae.ld'is ca tchrei ftihcee , of souyla 'jatn_h~team say_a ,
TSh'er i_sputKa_ohahrkfie itts s l au a _ kwvti1eat9r h s es.
abhit-esr'mr tih_e RV, inp triomsempsaei nrsyi s t'yrm;ii _l k; is s'Sroim_a 's
inttueosn esisd'si r fiy_ .
KhSiuRl_cVa'ki _ptIk uanlodr, irsec _ oshSttiniaoahs gsm e neaa ads't ed
S'ri_.of
[Usha R. Bhise, 1995, The Khila-Su_ktas of the R.gveda_ A study,
Bhandarkar Oriental Series No. 27, Poona.]
sIofm a/hdaeoairm sia v neodfu rntov hmeer r obso ut- /sa(uh-u -/hau-')t,o
preeoxsrts r a(cets senfcrseoo mm ethingS)o,m a/Haocmaant nbhoeet
pleoatbaxnnhu ntltoetary,fd ma eecr tiyf tvparherjoedonma c~ o eafs, s
pressilonirgq uefaction.
Namsutychmiebr; oe lomifos v'mil 'neacgano 8ddp.' pR1 eV4mr .e'1n 3t ions
apap_hmew nhaic cohur ledp rese'nlte ad'.
term, tVhIPe.a 3_.n7.5i)n,it o (ancecg.a tive a is na-muctihA asts uming
e4gaP
murtcel e,amoS
'maurramcsenataef yo'ne irc :
da_rumuca = white arsenic (Skt.lex.)
BcawobomtuyrmhsldocTeea(o nea d +nIlnl 2inytmana iuusdnsrde y m)o,n
referbrutilonl g(i goonsl idml,iov xree rLd pe)ai.pXd y e(rn+cu c3aser. nd t ury)
siwlahvngiedocr lh)ed(o aa l ifsle. elcemobat.,yenwr iulm"sl,Ina toy .s8:.
wildle ceiveev etnha er tisan(tsai n-copper-gold-silvearl loy).
Gypssoyv.n aksaoygm,onD laa=dkr s;ado yin cg, oslu=dr .un
svmoeamln=a..m laa.lni .s caaolnn,dt ainsiin(logOvr Teear . )
y> pa?vman/ Ir œ AX/ yTe y ! \i;?i-> / sM-?&t /< rs?m ! ,

sv /¡ s pt/U m ! A?îait Svidt/ m ! ma?ti/ rñ?na .
9.067w.rHh3eeo1a t hdhysePm t anovs a ma_nteahs,es en(tcohefe
Vecdoal)rlt .ehscbe.tey ien (sdfjah, oopli oyulsdsr ) i fisewde,e tebnye d
Ma_taris'van.[Ma_tarVias_b'=yevb ucar,aaine tutt ahsm tieeohn se psh ere,
antarikss.'ev asittfsihoiw;eose d e tenapenuddr iftpibhueyerd i fyiwnign d
it].eats man the and

kavse=mh i t(hP ersian)k;o va(eS lovenian)k;o va(cC roatian)k;o vacsol
(Hunsgmairt=ih a.n)
tvas.t.rmr.aa.brsc,hetr u ea rf tmsaemntedan l lurgists.
aya_say_an :girasTahs.iaa sgp ep mebeatenro ts i otpniwaenosd s agoefs
R.(gtxvh.e1e6pd0 A7ea8nx.r .u.1th8k9;ha;r2 epa a. snm1 da5 n).,i _
ascrshieitbvmoee shrRt ya.homlgefn v s(e idxa. 44.x4.666;87 );.

mTnehaaaie mns ei ngfcuolm pound (aycaosp,p meert,wa hlli)ic nhk s
'so'ammnaed't allurgiacratli facmatenstd'a l-worStkahoerefra ss vati-Sindhu
civilization.
%dœ $?ry k/ivt?m< kvI/nam! %/nÄE?nm! A/i- mXva? "&/ten? ,

s na /e vs?Uin / ày?ta iht/ ain? cN/ Ôai[? dv/e > s?ivt/ a s?uvait .
e5gaP
murtcel e,amoS
5.04C2e.l0e3b r(aptrei,e pmsrotptoshrstpteo)hh p,eoeh ftie ihmtcibs mu; e
swtwliheiteebh dta ti tmhvSiaaeiaony nvnd ei,b a t emasuup_tpsl oo ewn,
beneficdaienaldli ghtrfiuclh [emTspoh.rse ot p hpterhotoefip ch ets:
kavitamkaamv i_na_kmka:r=v a i_ ndtaar 'siea_soe ,hrr o wtoephfrae s t,
wheinmbncaefey e rrtaehpdep licathkioinofson w letfdthugoete u re].
g[/ ana?< Tva g[/ p?it < hvamh e ki/ v < k?vIn/ am ! %?pm/ ï?vStmm,!
Jyó/e r/ ajm/ ! äü?[am ! äü[s ! pt / Aa n>? z{/& vÚ ! ^i/ ti->? sId sad?nm ! .
2.023.iW0ne1v otkBhere a hman.aspatcih,i leefa derto(hfhe e avenly)
bandssaa; gos efa gea;b oundinbge yonmde asuri(ene verkyi nodf )
food;belpsoortrfa d y ehre;a rioinungrv ocationcsow,miy etop hur ro tections,
ctdhshaioaiesnnwmt ad onb c f er ri fi[cBer.a hman.absrpa=ah tmia n.o
annaspyaar ivr.d.haskyaar manvp.aao__ layitatp_hr,eo tecctohorer r isher
foofo da,gonorfyrse o oarlt e amdconetf vs o tihoohantes;h a etrt ributiens
gatanes.tx,aht _ge,nag ana(_.tnimah.n peafaco sedthf reii iiheot,fri es);
jyes.t.hapmrrabaanr_yotaojerrhfalr am mosbsa r:e,nd st . tha e_ m,
pras'assyvaam_ mimnaanmt ra_n.a_m].
Nature of the divinities
'tiserdvaea v atiat_i nairukta_ahg;n pirh. thivi_stha_navha;_ yuvendro
va_ntariks.astha_nashu;_ rdyyou stha_nah
t"dehTeatrhitroyeethenmesrie lo aee yly s"o A,gwsg ih(pnso1hits)e,se r : e
eairsV(t Ia2hno_);dry wr uha so,ps ahetie msro es phest(rwuh3ehne);o, s e
spheriehs e aven.
"tOhfe seea,rc ehc eivmeasan pyp ellatioaoncnsc ouhonifts
supereminentdcohierev, e rshfioiutfsny c tpirojainua e,sssa t tl ,t houhgeh
oinscie as,l lteshdae c rific(ehro tr.t)dh,ie r ecttooshfrae c rifi(caed hvaryu),
tphoes sessortoshfae c rleod(r ber ahma)a)tn,chd he a nt(eurd ga_tr.A)s…
vttihttheeohaw pet ai nre gyrlaitircshkeseooe nfs t ei beenitn r(gewspe,l y)
tihnaatn imoabtjee cbtesg,i nnfediarninnodcgwdmhie i en trgahb r se,
likewpirsaei se(dN.i'r uk76t.,a57m,)
dmtrfonhioraoenIrSt ft ibkn oao su dmlrs tras o ai m:na dmr ap_ay_at ave
(8R.V6 9.10i)n;d iunrd ra_pyaav atitdtaei v a_asbor uva'nG,o tdhse mselves
e6gaP
murtcel e,amoS
wweirten weIhspnesudn ru i fhiiemds Ifenoldrfr a'.
%t/ Sya vam/ ! mx?umn/ ! mi]?karpn/ ! md /e same ?SyaiE zj/ a e ÷?vNyit ,
yv/u < d?xIc/ a e mn / Aa iv?vasw/ a e =?wa / izr> / àit? vam/ ! AZVy?< vdt ! .
1.119.09 That honey-seeking bee also murmured your praise; the son of us'ij invokes you to the exhilaratin
of Soma; you conciliated the mind of Dadhyan~c, so that, provided with the head of a horse, he taught you

(the mystic science).
wmotarh_deok, nps utN.nhomi etek eaa ''bn_paboi ynetnrdehgoi ' rt es
quartmza'_.k s.piaykrraei_ thm eeasm_;ak s.tiaamkn_aadr__ ak s.ika_
denogtoaselni ddl vpeyrr ites. 89-9801:, 77,
Rasaratna Samuccya
mounyotmifabae gio_lonrkdlsnsiid .ns.ig .k .a.m
9,76,11 59;,8 6,73e,,m82(p;0Rh ;Va .s iizse d Soma the of rasa The
describterhsakea sr sa. tveoyfraf icacioudasas,k sao.brai litSyo.m ryaas a
(9R,‘Vt6sw.h7aih ec,psi o8, cn) hs titeutsthseees n bcebese,tn ,e ficial
(yheatlraliiwo srnw ay,s9t) a,h( 1eRc9 VooS,.flTo3 e ohm;luea oer ’fm . e nt
babhru as Soma to ref8e,r2s9 ,1R V. 7. an1d09 9,,,99716,80,2,3652, ,;41 ;;
(reddish-aybpoirwpgusoahloat w oylnhaon idd i)ne n gnt m(eannt~ ji…
hiruatnsa.a yha aysa h:S oma tor9 e,f1e0rh7Rhsi,Vi m4.rs aenlt.foy. a yam)
sgp[orGoliefdnl gd nReirg,- VuebdeKaGr. esFl,.d RnDieegrr-, V eda
.)011 .p ,III ,1591 ,.ssaM ,egdirbmaC ,tztesrebu
Ar(tKhaaust'.ai_lscytoarp'aps)e .r = S'ulba
(cPoaplpieM.r=el leuxk.k)a
AÃ/ t /e Vy ! AÃt /e sm ! A?Ãt /e ³t?<u irhiNt / mx?una_/ y ! AÃt e ,
isNxa?er œ %CDvœ as/ e pt/ y?Ntm ! %]/ [?< ihr{ypav/ a> pz/ mu ! Aa?s u g_& [t e .
9.086(.pT4rh3ie e sstmgsaer)nae adaran n sod(eiS t wnomhitmiet al h k );
(gtohtdeas its)nht veei gorat(ijnugi ctesh)ome;wviey sieta wtr r(eh me itl k).
itPurifying (tswhipaonrttstpiheeoiltgner tuhotwk s nelhil)gydete e , hr ,
besheoefttltahodihlerenil rrtnie,ognn gt .
Thus in this r.ca, the gold which is purified refers to the juice of Soma which is golden.
e7gaP
murtcel e,amoS
Kavi, Ka_we, the divine 'smiths' and Kavya Us'anas
kavi, N. of several gods ,(esp.) of Agni RV. ii , 23 , 1 ; x , 5 , 4 , 3 ;
iii , 5 , 1 ; i , 31 , 2 ; 76 , 5 ; of Varun2a, Indra, the As3vins, Maruts,
A1dityas ; of the Soma ; of the Soma priest and other sacrificers
(Skt.lex.)
.r3Syt1aK 7 , 2 , 2 , iix .rB3S liam fo taoc a , ssariuc , ruomra = acavak
).tkS( elballys lacitsym a ; .W mrahc , teluma yna ;.R .hBM 01 , 3 , iiix
fo .N ; .viraH erif ; .hBM nus eht = ipak_a.s.rv ).tkS( ssarb = aholipak
eht fo eno fo ; .hBM u2nhsiV fo ; .PhB ardnI fo ; .s1ahtaK.hBM avi3S
; .rBtiA ipak-1ahsi2rV ot detubirtta nmyh eht fo ; .bi sarduR 11
(Skt.)wk. of N. %n{.- zastra}
kavi-ttal = to cover, as an arch; kavacam = armour, coat of mail;
lute, clay composition with which chemists close vessels;
cen:ka_vi = saffron ochre (Ta.lex.)
kaveh = smith (Persian); kovae (Slovenian); kovac (Croatian);
kovacsol (Hungarian) = smith.
Brahman.aspati, the kavi and Tvas.t.r. are associates in a process describing Tvas.t.r
carrying a jar full of Soma or bowls from which the gods drink Soma:
Tvòa? may/ a v?ed œ Ap/ sa?m ! Ap/ St?ma /e ibæt/ ! paÇa? dve p/ ana?in / zl& tt?ma ,
izzI?te nU/nm! p?r/zu< Sva?y/s< yen? v&/íadœ @t?zae/ äü?[/s! pit>? .
artificers of skilful most the vessels), (drinking fabricating of arts the knows Tvas.t.a_ 10.053.09
doog fo exa sih sneprahs eh ylirev --knird sdog eht hcihw fo tuo spuc gniknird dercas eht gniraeb
them. cuts Brahman.aspat(isw whiiftte)- complexionetdh e wherewith metal,
Smiths were central to the process of creation of wealth in early societies.
%dœ $?ry k/ivt?m< kvI/nam! %/nÄE?nm! A/i- mXva? "&/ten? ,
s na /e vs?Uin / ày?ta iht/ ain? cN/ Ôai[? dv/e > s?ivt/ a s?uvait .
the with hipmri ompbhuteeht es ; proofp mh5Coe.est0l(ti4ep c2brt .rih0aee3ts et,s ),
dna laicifeneb ,elpma su nopu wotseb _ativaS enivid eht yam dna ,noitabil teews
prodtpkephhalreevimo tikgropostahi[shf:avt=cTte mif hh ta_kueeimnals c av . _i m :
ianpfptelbhrieercw opmeahfaadte sy itnt ohc,nee s ohfo woersr e kerdraa _arn 'tia_ ,
future].the to knowledge his
Aryaman of Vedic times is a personification of an early society; he is the guardian of the
saptahotr. who are also called kavi; Aryaman is the divinity of the weddings and of the paths
of the Fathers, of the gods, of the sun. He is called atu_rtapantham in RV 10.64.5:
e8gaP
murtcel e,amoS
d]?Sy vaidt /e jNm?in ìt/ e raja?na imÇ/ avé[/ a iv?vasis ,
At?UtpR Nwa> péu r/ wa?e Aym/R a sÝ/ ha?eta / iv;?uêp;e /u jNm?s u .
layor eht deppihsrow ,itidA ,uoy ,etir dercas sih ta ,a.skaD fo htrib eht tA 50.460.01
revig eht ,deirruh ton si esruoc esohw ,namayrA .etir dercas eht ta a.nuraV dna artiM
.shtrib mrofitlum sih ni )sdeecorp( ,)syar( gniretsinim neves gnivah ,ynam ot thgiled fo
neves gnivah ;)32.11 atkuriN( htrae = itidA ;nus eht = namayrA ;nus eht = a.skaD[
neves ro ;.cte aj_avdarahB ,si.s.r neves eht yb denmyh = _atohatpas :syar gniretsinim
sih ,.e.i :shtrib mrofitlum sih ;htnom yralacretni eht dna ,snosaes xis eht ,.e.i ,snosaes
.]sgnittes dna sgnisir yliad
:ni ,-ahad dna -ayra nainarI ,8591 ,yeliaB .W dloraH( yeliaB Transactions of the
Philological Society19,57 81:- 11n5o)tt ehtstah etaer r my ac-oammi apsno uonfd
tahcsi'to natcmhtnkcoaafroan't rnoouk''o, e-rogtetwt , ,thh oei tea an nlg-dt a hr'y a
Arnyaammtw'eAahet rnearsay luunwaitemdansh,am r H' radte,yreh aaina z'te. s
(Harold treasury'. the of charge 'in hospitality', and riches of charge in being 'the as
,'ayrA' ,6891 ,yeliaB .W Encyclopaedia Iranica6821.-78:3 ) .
Maruts 5.54.8 RV in Aryamanm;i ghty the of path the to refers1 .105.6 RV r.ca The
caormeap ratyroae mda n.'ashu,i toarwpshp'or, o laawcodihret nnha ments:
kdœ v? \/tSy? x[R/is kdœ vé?[Sy/ c]?[m! ,
kdœ A?yR/M[ae m/hs! p/wait? ³amem Ë/F(ae iv/Äm! me? A/Sy rae?dsI .
regard (benignant) the where truth, the of observance your is deities, Where, 1.105.06
theo vercomem ay we that) (soA ryammaing,h ty the of path the is wheVraer un.a, of
affl(imcyt[t hcViioaaosnnrnm osdu)afcbe n.l iea. eo ravuta Hoshnel ,dae vnetn?
;)akar_avina.t.sina( derisednu si hcihw ,live fo rotcurtsbo eht si a.nuraV :namayrA
niyanta_)]. (arin.a_m enemies of restrainer the is Aryaman,
htap eht gniyal rotius a dna ytilatipsoh ro ynomirtam fo nortap a si namayrA cideV
detaicossa si namayrA ,dooh-vaK htiw detaicossa si itapsah.rB sa tsuJ .sehcir htiw
tnahc a( _amayr 'oytid_a _av uasa :ayr_uS ,tnegluffe eht fo htap eht htiw
becomes Agni 5.3.2, RV In 4.12.4). MS II.3.14; TS after TS by recommended
a setonnoc namayrA .1.11.1VA ni yreviled gnirud .rtoH sa snoitcnuf eh ;namayrA
ytinummoc siht ni ;htlaew fo noitaerc ni degagne sivak ro stseirp neves fo tinu laicos
.htap eht senifed namayrA ,ytivitca
Tvm ! A?ym/R a -?vis / yt ! kn/ Ina /< nam? Svxavn/ ! gýu ?m ! ib-i; R ,
AÃ/ iNt? imÇ/ < siu x?t /< n gaie -r/ œ yd œ dMp?tI / sm?nsa k[/« aie ;? .
a foosda,c rificial of enjoy bear, you maidens; to relation in Aryaman are You 5.003.02
when butter, and milk with friend, welcome a like you, anoint they name;m ysterious
mraeiAldtraeioytann airs [mmoe:Yain onn ou dn .e ofw hiufmaseanb kdyae on ud
tavrayma kymaaant_i _nraea_gsmu :lct aehotrefoe rmnt ouhnpeyt fibmiaearl ye
aVlali,sm of'oyfrvfs ia ttAet_hnernhnaarayrdeatmi ae r eomaga:uasa, sn r ;d ed
;aran ,nem ,av'siv
e9gaP
murtcel e,amoS
cows, with lit., gobbhih: gobhih: na sudhitam mitram an~janti butter: and milk with
cow]. the opfr oductthse fmoert onymbyy used
of path the and sages the to relation in Pura_n.a a cites (ii.9.23,3-5) A_pastamba
fo(lqtAluhrotB(toeeywhoBwt1 "daiemuoe8Nnmnybh 92o.ag al2nw,n)ye)d ,r: ' s
to passed offspring desired who sages thousand eighty Those Pura_n.a: a from verses
thousand eighty Those burial-grounds. obtained and road Aryaman's by south the
obtained and north the to road Aryaman's by passed offspring no desired who sages
immortality".
izA ,tnepreS naihaD eht detaefed ohw oreh eht si anuatiarhT ,yrotsih cihtym nI"
dauhshtauahwt_rdrhhkpB ooeaeenf t,dfTeeh oh.aarr ttea, ih btiehadeaudndne an
the defied ultimately had kawe, 'smith' wise The mother. his by 'mountains' the in
Iswrethatrhinbrpaobeciaoepofe htahnonrf rc hninpto uaae sesinlmn r n eed er ,
Shad_tihthrnheaaket f_a hsTm_oehhevf -r,i ia yi-ias t_ lTanehu aindsate bhree.c ame
loerba(al atoptaghrrhn,e oico rnserpI , or lkateanh aFwieb aia oas-nfntts noe.e n re d
Arthucirls as [stdTsurhidaecgyf aa sl_.P w h hli.d beu,l l of madew ash at)
JIboPmauaepnrnrenncsreaiiirleaa, tnnl ht e andK avsemhi tChhT rhies1 t9e2n5s,e n,
originDaaln ish the from Unvala J.M. (tr. 22-39 5: InstOirtiuetnet alC ama the of
sectotsimnigac,An rsdyo acmiaaonln' s note A Wi1n9(d9(lGf91o.u,9cLh 1..r9c ,)i ]t .
ni nayrA-noN dna nayrA ,.sde ,ednaphseD .M vahdaM dna tsrohknorB sennahoJ :ni
hidden "The Cambridge). 3, Vol. Minora Opera Series, Oriental Harvard Asia, South
coTnahInnrbneAdaedactbr itiantheytwapdiicawaenp osomhue an maennr enna es n t
ro,galF nettogrof won eht :eman nretsew sti yb deifitnedi si noitalletsnoc nainarI
heacvotenhnsest ,e alo lfa tiiosn Flfao'glT dlheoesaw cssr :ii lsba etdt BTeahrne n er.
of arrowhea(dt he iron the On stars. many Has Virgo. in part one and Leo in part one
a is thefraec t, In one'f.l ag the of foledv ery on two,f lag the on onef,r ont ins tafft)h e
atar_ahb_ahaM eht nI .llew sa aidnI ni noitalletsnoc siht ot galf a gningissa fo noitidart
The banner. his on lion a has Vira_t.a, King of son the Uttara, Prince (4.66.13),
constelAltlarohanycoutoiaaafcsitsttmt r oh h aeuneenopdpc r a fo ait l itahonhlent g
noitisnart eht ta detacol si rennab s'namayrA ,si tahT...oeL dna ogriV neewteb ,nus
TGfatoeGiuaoahfmttaerrigfgToe ihhgmsuasef tehf tneeeitsg ro,e hi n .eo e i m
,ega taht fo dne eht tA...niwT eht ,amiY yb narI ni ,sniwT eht yb delur ,egA nedloG
'Ksam_iwttehh,e' obfa nntehre ofg uisteh er beaainpnnp heeiras r ,Aa rnyda man
.sgnik-iwaK )nainarI( ayra eht fo ega eht eb lliw hcihw ,seirA fo ega wen eht ni gnidael
eht ,smret naidnI nI...)seirA ot sgnoleb aisreP ,sunirdnaxelA suluaP ot gnidroccA(
andV r.sterrap,e nttd heefI enadtrian'cgso trsore erspDpeaonhntid asn the of defeat
the is Daha_ka) Azi thus (and Vr.tra celestial cows...the the of freeing the
streticthb4 eTe0dat0B uw0Cre-,ue2 osn0f 0 0c aognes tteDhlHuelyr aditrniago. n
alctoehnlege steiqaula ttaohnrrd,e at'eronureBtl dauhoate pIlefghdptl ee'e . a rs
tmthyhatetmh oincs te'rt'hshr eeaerd esf'l stethcretme toot3hrfcdXae he3n g0 r ees
.)523-423 .pp ,.ticpo ,rhufdniW.L.G( .".yks thgin eht ni rotauqe eht fo
sedinayaK dna sana'sU ayv_aK
narI fo ytsanyd nainayaK eht no koob sih ni nesnetsirhC ruhtrA yb ... yduts evitsuahxe tsom ehT"
,2391,.A ,nesnetsirhC( Les Kayanide .soliF-.tsiH ,bakslleSs senrebaksnediV eksnaD .lgK teD .
atsevA eht ni iuuaK delyts era ohw srelur eht taht deugra eh ti nI .)negahnepoC .2.XIX resleleddeM
eno tsael ta sniatnoc osla siuuaK fo tsil eht...serugif lacirotsih ylbaborp tsom erew ).cte ,at_auuaK iuuaK(
iuuuaK yleman ,lizemuD dna lemmoL yb nwohs sa ,noitidart naidnI ni dnuof osla si taht erugif
ayv_aK ot sdnopserroc mih htiw detaicossa sdnegel eht yb dna eman yb htob ohw ,na.dasU/nasU
osla siuuaK fo tsil eht taht edulcnoc ot nosaer yreve erofereht si erehT .noitidart naidnI fo sana'sU
sed etsil aL :euqirotsih ecruos emmoC atsevA'L ,9791 ,.J ,snelleK( serugif lacigolohtym ylno sniatnoc
nI .sedinayaK Studies in the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, ,attamraH .J yb .de
noitidart nairtsaoroZ retal eht ni hguohtla ,flesti iuuak eltit eht rof sA .)odaiK iaimedakA ,tsepaduB .35-14
noitangised a sa naht rehto desu si ti taht atsevA eht ni ecnedive on si ereht ,srelur lacitilop setangised ti
htob ,jisu dna naparak sa hcus smret ot detaler ylesolc si ti sahtaG eht nI .tseirp fo dnik laiceps a fo
tub ,rwop lacitilop htiw od ot gnihton sah ivak evitaler naidnI sti dna ,stseirp fo sdnik laiceps etangised
e0g1aP