Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid: South Africa and World Politics (Rethinking the Twentieth Century) PDF
Preview Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid: South Africa and World Politics (Rethinking the Twentieth Century)
Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid South Africa and World Politics Adrian Guelke Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid Rethinking World Politics General Editor:Professor Michael Cox,London School of Economics In an age of increased academic specialization where more and more books about smaller and smaller topics are becoming the norm, this major new series is designed to provide a forum and a stimulus for leading scholars to address big issues in world politics in an accessible but original manner. A key aim is to transcend the intellectual and disciplinary boundaries which have so often served to limit rather than enhance our understanding of the modern world. In the best tradition of engaged scholarship, it aims to provide clear new perspectives to help make sense of a world in flux. Each book addresses a major issue or event that has had a formative influence on the twentieth century or the twenty-first century world which is now emerging. Each makes its own distinctive contribution as well as providing an original but accessible guide to competing lines of interpretation. Taken as a whole, the series will rethink contemporary international politics in ways that are lively, informed and – above all – provocative. Published In preparation Adrian Guelke Rethinking Communism Rethinking the Rise and Fall Rethinking European Integration of Apartheid Rethinking Global Governance Rethinking the Twentieth Century Forthcoming Rethinking the Cold War Rethinking the Emergence of a Global Economy John Dumbrell Rethinking the Post-Cold War World Order Rethinking the Vietnam War Rethinking the Rise of Islam David H. Dunn Rethinking the First World War Rethinking Transatlanticism Rethinking the Second World War Richard Stubbs Rethinking the Third World Rethinking the Asian Rethinking the Twenty Years Crisis: 1919–39 Economic Miracle Rethinking US Hegemony Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid South Africa and World Politics Adrian Guelke © Adrian Guelke 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 0–333–98122–7 hardback ISBN 0–333–98123–5 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 Printed in China Contents List of Tables vi List of Abbreviations vii Chronology ix Preface xii 1. Introduction: Apartheid’s Global Significance 1 2. The Debate on the Nature of South African Racial Policies: Totalitarian or Colonial? 21 3. Origins of Racial Policy: Consequence of an Imperialist War or the Prejudice of the Frontier? 41 4. Segregation: Home-Grown or Imported? 61 5. The Theory and Practice of Apartheid: Was There a Blueprint? 83 6. South Africa in a Post-Colonial World: Modernising or Eroding Apartheid? 105 7. From Vorster to Botha: New Departure or Militarised Cul de Sac? 127 8. The Pursuit of a Negotiated Settlement: Choice or Necessity? 147 9. The Unexpected Transition to Majority Rule: Analysing a Miracle? 166 10.The Worldwide Anti-Apartheid Movement: Peripheral or Crucial? 188 11.Conclusion: Taking the Long View on Apartheid’s Demise 208 Notes 219 Concise Bibliography 236 Index 238 v List of Tables 2.1 Reclassifications, 1986 26 4.1 General election results in seats, 1910–48 68 5.1 General election results in seats, 1953–66 96 6.1 General election results, 1970 and 1974 122 7.1 General election results, 1977 and 1981 136 8.1 General election results, 1987 and 1989 153 9.1 Monthly totals of political fatalities in South Africa, 1985 to 1996 178 9.2 A selection of twenty-five prominent episodes of political violence 180 9.3 General election results, 1994 and 1999 186 11.1 Population of South Africa by race in census years, 1911–96 210 11.2 Gross domestic product per capita, 1960–96, at constant 1990 prices 211 vi List of Abbreviations ANC African National Congress APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army AWB Afrikaner Weerstands Beweging – resistance movement CAAA Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions DP Democratic Party DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance EC European Community EPG Eminent Persons Group ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme FAK Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations FDI foreign direct investment Frelimo Front for the Liberation of Mozambique GM General Motors HNP Herenigde Nasionale Party (–1951) HNP Herstigte Nasionale Party (1969–) ICJ International Committee of Jurists ICU Industrial and Commercial Workers Union IFP Inkatha Freedom Party IOC International Olympic Committee ITTF International Table Tennis Federation MK Umkhonto we Sizwe MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MPNP Multi-party Negotiating Process NGOs non-governmental organisations NRC Native Representative Council NSC National Security Council OAU Organisation of African Unity OB Oxwagon Sentinels PAC Pan-African Congress PFP Progressive Federal Party vii viii Abbreviations PWV Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging RSA Republic of South Africa SACOS South African Council on Sport SACP South African Communist Party SAIC South African Indian Congress SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations SANNC South African Native National Congress SANROC South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee SASA South African Sports Association SAONGA South African Olympic and National Games Association SATTB South African Table Tennis Board SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation TEC Transitional Executive Council TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UDF United Democratic Front UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence ULPP Urban Labour Preference Policy Brief Chronology of South Africa since the Discovery of Diamonds 1867 Discovery of diamonds in the interior 1871 British annexation of the diamond fields (as Griqualand West) 1872 Cape Colony granted responsible government 1877 British annexation of the Transvaal in the context of the promotion of South African Confederation 1879 Anglo-Zulu War 1880–1 First Anglo-Boer War ends British rule over the Transvaal 1886 Discovery of the main gold reef on the Witwatersrand and founding of Johannesburg 1895 Jameson Raid aimed at the overthrow of President Kruger 1899 Outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War 1902 Peace Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Anglo-Boer War 1905 Report of South African Native Affairs Commission 1910 Union of South Africa comes into being 1911 Passage of Mines and Works Act 1912 Formation of South African Native National Congress (changing name to the ANC in 1923) 1913 Passage of Natives Land Act 1914 Formation of National Party 1915 South Africa conquers German South West Africa 1922 Rand revolt by white miners 1923 Passage of Natives (Urban Areas) Act establishing control over movement into towns 1924 Election of National Party–Labour coalition 1934 Formation of United Party out of fusion of National Party and South African Party 1936 Passage of Representation of Natives Act removing Africans from the voters’ roll in the Cape ix
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