Respiration and Emotion PDF
Preview Respiration and Emotion
Springer Japan KK Y. Haruki, 1. Homma A. Umezawa, Y. Masaoka (Eds.) Respiration and Emotion With 56 Figures , Springer YUTAKA HARUIO, Ph.D. School of Human Science Waseda University 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan lKUO HOMMA, M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Physiology Showa University School of Medicine 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Toyko 142-8555, Japan AKIo UMFZAWA Department of Psychology Fukui University 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan YURI MASAOKA Second Department of Physiology Showa University School of Medicine 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Toyko 142-8555, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-67988-2 ISBN 978-4-431-67901-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67901-1 Printed on acid-free paper @ Springer Japan 2001 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2001 This work is subject to copyright Ali rights are reserved whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on mi crofilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. Typesetting: Camera-ready by the editors and authors SPIN: 10754245 Preface Brain research has made progress from technological developments in the field of neu roscience and cognitive neuropsychology; cognition and emotions corresponding to lo cal neuronal activity are revealed scientifically. Emotions are the result of activity within the brain. In addition, their expression always is accompanied by physiological activity such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, and respiration. In other words, emotions are mirrored in physiological responses. In respiratory physiology, interest in sensation-related respiratory dysfunction has focused on the effect of the higher centers of the brain on respiratory activity. Research on respiratory dysfunctions such as asthma, panic disorder, and hyperventilation syn drome cannot neglect the role of the forebrain and limbic system, however. This book contains material from the International Interdisciplinary Symposium on Respiration: Respiration and Emotion, held in Tokyo July 23-25, 1999. The aim of the symposium was to present and discuss with people from many countries respiration from many aspects: physiology, psychology, behavioral medicine, and other fields. Not only does the book provide contributions from a scientific approach to respiration, but this research also presents traditional thought regarding breathing as expressed in the Japanese arts. Looking toward the 21st century, research is opening doors to many dif ferent fields across all scientific and artistic borders. We are truly grateful for the support of the Ibuka Fund of Waseda University for this symposium. The symposium required assistance from many people. In particular, we are grateful to Dr. Ishii and Dr. Suzuki for their advice and support. We also thank Ms. Suga, Ms. Kono, and Ms. Takeuchi for their assistance. We are pleased to have had the opportunity to work with Mr. Kenneth Ellis, helping us as an interpreter. The sympo sium could not have been held without the support of these individuals. YUTAKA lIARUKI IKuoHoMMA AKIO UMEZAWA YURI MASAOKA v Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................ V Behavioral Breathing and Sensation Location and Electric Current Sources of Breathlessness in the Human Brain I. HOMMA, A. KANAMARU, and Y. MASAOKA ..................... ...................................... 3 Respiratory Sensations May Be Controlling Elements on Ventilation But Can Be Affected by Personality Traits and State Changes N.S. CHERNIACK, M.H. LAVIETEs, L. TIERSKY, and B.H. NATELSON ........................ 11 Respiratory Sensations and the Behavioral Control of Breathing S.A. SHEA .............................................................................................................. 21 Dyspnea in Patients with Asthma Y. KIKUCHI, S. OKABE, H. KUROSAWA, H. OGAWA, W. HIDA, and K. SHIRATO .......... 31 Respiration and Emotion (J) How Breathing Adjusts to Mental and Physical Demands P. GROSSMAN and C.J. WIENTJES ............................................................................ 43 Anxiety and Respiration Y. MASAOKA, A. KANAMARu, and I. HOMMA ........................................................... 55 Respiration and the Emotion of Dyspnea/Suffocation Fear R. LEY ................................................................................................................... 65 Coordination of Breathing Between Ribcage and Abdomen in Emotional Arousal H. TAKASE and Y. HARUKI ...................................................................................... 75 Behavioural and Physiological Factors Affecting Breathing Pattern and Ventilatory Control in Patients with Idiopathic Hyperventilation S. JACK, M. WILKINSON, and C.J. WARBURTON ....................................................... 87 vn vm The Art of Breathing in the East and the West Effects of the Eastern Art of Breathing Y. HARUKI and H. TA KASE ...................................................................................... 101 Biofeedback for Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Tanden Breathing Among Zen Monks: Studies in Cardiovascular Resonance P. LEHRER •••..•.•••..•••.•••.••.•••.••.•.•••..•.•.•..•.•....•.••.•••.•....•...••...•..•.•.•....•...•...................• 113 Breathing Regulation in Zen Buddhism T. CIllHARA ......................... .................................................................................... 121 Respiration and Emotion (II) Gaining Insight into the Factors that Influence the Variability of Breathing T. BRACK and M.J. TOBIN ...................................................................................... 129 Facilitation and Inhibition of Breathing During Changes in Emotion A. UMEZAWA ........................................................................................................... 139 Environmental Stress, Hypoventilatory Breathing and Blood Pressure Regulation D.E. ANDERSON ...................................................................................................... 149 Stress Reduction Intervention: A Theoretical Reconsideration with an Emphasis on Breathing Training y. SAWADA .............................................................................................................. 161 Special Lecture Noh Theatre, the Aesthetics of Breathing N. UMEWAKA .......................................................................................................... 173 Behavioral Breathing and Sensation Location and Electric Current Sources of Breathlessness in the Human Brain Ikuo Homma, Arata Kanamaru and Yuri Masaoka Second Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan Summary: Breathlessness is an unpleasant sensation associated with breathing and one of the major symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. There are many sources of breathlessness emphasized by several researchers. However, the localization of the source generator for breathlessness in the human brain has not been made clear. In this study we demonstrated the location of the source generator for breathlessness in humans induced by C02 and a resistive load using the dipole tracing method. Five male volunteers participated in this study. The subjects inhaled 5% or 7%C02 with a resistive pipe, while EEG and flow were monitored. EEG potentials(20) were triggered to be averaged at the onset of inspiration. A large positive potential wave was observed between 200 to 600msec from the onset of inspiration during 7%C02 inhalation with a higher resistive load. The breathlessness rate measured by VAS was high in 7%C02 with higher resistive load. The location ofthe source generator of the large potential, estimated using the SSB-DT method, was found in the limbic system. The results suggest that the source generator for breathlessness, as well as other unpleasant emotional sensations, may be located in the limbic system. Keyword: dipole tracing method, breathlessness, limbic system, EEG DIPOLE TRACING METHOD OF THE SCALP-SKULL-BRAIN HEAD MODEL (SSB-DT) There are a billion neurons in the human brain. Each neuron is polarized and makes a dipole between the synapse and the axon hillock of the cell soma. Depolarization of the membrane under the synapse is referred to as a "sink" of current dipole, and the axon hillock in the cell soma is a "source" of the current. If there is a large number of depolarization in the limited area of the brain, these neurons can be approximated to one or two equivalent current dipoles. From the scalp, potentials of approximately 10 j1 volts can be recorded from the amount of action potentials. The electric activity in the cerebral cortex can be recorded with surface electrodes mounted on the scalp. The dipole tracing (DT) method estimates the position and the vector dipole moment of an equivalent current dipole from the recorded EEG data[I]. Activities of the brain can be approximated by one or two equivalent current dipoles. Locations of sources and vector moments of the equivalent current dipoles can be estimated from potentials 3 4 distributed on the scalp and recorded by the surface electrodes. Location of the source is determined by calculating algorithms that minimize the square difference between potentials actually recorded from the scalp (Vmeas) and those calculated from the equivalent dipoles (Vcal). Therefore, locations of the dipoles and vector moments are iteratively changed using the simplex method until the square difference between Vmeas and Vcal becomes minimum. The basic concept of the dipole tracing (DT) method is based on the least square algorithm for fitting the calculated potential to the measured EEG potentials (Fig. 1). 0"6 . = 0.33 Slm SkIllJ= 0.004125 Slm u.c4dp = 0.33 Slm l II SeT, d) = Vmeas - Veal 112 dipolarity = 100 (1 -S(Topt' dorJ / II Vmeas 112) Fig.I. The dipole tracing method: the least square algorithm for fitting the calculated potential. The conductivities of brain (O.33s/m), skull(O.004125s/m) and scaIp(O.33s/m) are shown. Most important thing in estimating the location of the source generator by the DT method is to determine the different conductivities of the scalp, skull and brain. In particular, conductivity of the skull is much smaller than those of the scalp and the brain. It is necessary to reconstruct the shapes of these three layers. Therefore, each subject's own three-layer-head model must be made from CT images[2]. For estimating the location of the source in the brain the following procedure must be used : l.Record EEG. 2.Measure all electrode positions including reference points (nasion, inion, bilateral pre-meatus points and vertex) with a three-dimensional digitizer. 3.Make each subject's own shape of scalp, skull and brain from CT images. 4.Add different conductivities of the scalp, skull and brain. The reconstruction ofthe scalp and the location of the electrode are shown in Fig.2 5 Fig.2. The reconstruction of the scalp(A) and the location of the electrodes on the scalp(B). DT FOR BREATHLESSNESS Breathlessness is one of the major symptoms observed not only in chronic respiratory disease but also in many other diseases. Breathlessness is described as an unpleasant sensation associated with respiratory movement. Breathlessness is expressed as 'dyspnea', 'air hunger', 'suffocation', 'chest wall tightness' and others. General sensations such as pain or heat, etc., have their own sensory center and specific receptors. Even though breathlessness is defined as a sensory experience, its sensory receptors have not been specified and the center for breathlessness has not been identified yet. Breathlessness is signals arising from the organism and to know the level of breathlessness is to know the alarming of the body. In patients with COPD a decrease of breathlessness improves their quality of life. Therefore, it is important to specify the central mechanism in the brain of people with breathlessness. It is also necessary to clarify the relationship within the structure of the brain and between peripheral receptors and brain activity. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study was performed on 5 normal subjects (all males aged 21 to 32) with no history of chronic pulmonary diseases and lor neuromuscular disease. All subjects were naive to the purpose of the study and signed an informed consent. The subjects breathed through a mouthpiece of a one-way valve with a hotwire flow meter (Minato Ikagaku RF-HE). A resistive pipe (diameter: 6mm or 4mm, length: IOOmm) was attached to the inspiratory side of the valve to add load during inspiration. Subjects inhaled 5% or 7% carbon dioxide (C02) with oxygen through this valve. During the experiment, the subjects EEG and flow were monitored. A pressure transducer attached to the
The list of books you might like
