Residual Currents and Long-term Transport

544 Pages·1990·19.718 MB·English

by  Ralph T. Cheng (auth.), R. T. Cheng (eds.)

Coastal and Estuarine Studies
Managing Editors:
Malcolm J. Bowman Richard T. Barber
Christopher N. K. Mooers John A. Raven
Coastal
and Estuarine Studies
formerly Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies
38
R.T. Cheng (Ed.)
Residual Currents and
Long-term Transport
Springer-Verlag
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Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Managing Editors
Malcolm J. Bowman
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York
Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, USA
Richard T. Barber
Duke Marine Laboratory
Beaufort, N. C. 28516, USA
Christopher N. K. Mooers
Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory
Institute for the Study of the Earth, Oceans and Space
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH 03824-3525, USA
John A. Raven
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Dundee University
Dundee, DDl 4HN, Scotland
Contributing Editors
Ain Aitsam (Tallinn, USSR) . Larry Atkinson (Savannah, USA)
Robert C. Beardsley (Woods Hole, USA) . Tseng Cheng-Ken (Qingdao, PRC)
Keith R. Dyer (Merseyside, UK) . Jon B. Hirlwood (Melbourne, AUS)
Jorg Imberger (Western Australia, AUS) . Hideo Kawai (Kyoto, Japan)
Paul H. Le Blond (Vancouver, Canada)· L. Mysak (Montreal, Canada)
Akira Okuboi (Stony Brook, USA) . William S. Reebourgh (Fairbanks, USA)
David A. Ross (Woods Hole, USA) . John H. Simpson (Gwynedd, UK)
Absornsuda Siripong (Bangkok, Thailand) . Robert L. Smith (Covallis, USA)
Mathias Tomczak (Sydney, AUS) . Paul Tyler (Swansea, UK)
Editor
R. T. Cheng
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
Menlo Park
CA 94025, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging·in-Publication Data
Residual currents and long-term transport 1 R. T. Cheng (ed.)-lst ed. p. cm.-(Coastal and
estuarine studies; 38.) Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9063-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9061-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9061-9
1. Ocean currents. 2. Marine sediments. 3. Estuarine oceanography. I. Cheng, Ralph T.
II. Series. GC239.R47 1990 551.47'01-dc20 90-41794
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
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paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
2837/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
o
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chapters in this volume of Coastal and Estuarine Studies are compiled from
papers presented at the 1988 International Conference on Physics of Shallow
Estuaries and Bays. The Conference was held at Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific
Grove, California, November 29 through December 2, 1988. The theme of the
Conference was Residual Currents and Long-term Transport in estuaries and bays, and
thus the title of this volume. The Conference was sponsored by the U. S. Geological
Survey, Department of the Interior. Additional financial support was received from
the U. S. National Science Foundation. The material published in this volume is
based upon activities supported by the U. S. Geological Survey and by the National
Science Foundation (under Agreement No. OCE-8900251). Any op~n~on, findings and
conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. S. Geological Survey nor
of the U. S. National Science Foundation. Monterey Bay Aquarium, California was
open to the participants in the evening of December 1, where the Conference banquet
was held. The hospitality of Monterey Bay Aquarium is gratefully acknowledged.
I am most grateful to Prof. J. (Co) van de Kreeke, without whose continuing
support, these Conferences on Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays could not have
come to pass, and without his encouragement I would not have assumed the chores for
organ~z~ng the 1988 "Physics" Conference. I am also grateful to the Organizing
Committee whose members are :
Mr. W.H. McAnally, Jr., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA;
Prof. Jilan Su, National Oceanic Administration,
The People's Republic of China;
Prof. J. van de Kreeke, University of Miami, USA;
Prof. J.T.F. Zimmerman, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research,
the Netherlands.
The Organizing Committee provided me constant support and continuing advice includ
ing the selection of papers before the Conference, organ~z~ng the Conference
program, and the recommendations of reviewers after the Conference. Each paper
included in this volume has been subjected to at least two technical reviews. I
would like to thank all reviewers whose constructive suggestions have greatly im
proved the quality of many manuscripts that appear in this volume.
My special appreciation goes to Ms. Carolyn L. McLeod, my able secretary, who
not only designed the beautiful and fitting Conference logo, but also handled a
large volume of pre- and post-Conference correspondence. She is responsible for
typing all the equations in the manuscripts, and for reformatting the manuscripts
sent from the authors to the present final form. Without her help, the publication
of this volume would be much delayed.
In organizing such an International Conference, there were a great deal of
details that required careful planning and execution. I was most fortunate to have
been aided by Messrs. Jon R. Burau, Jeffrey W. Gartner, and Lawrence H. Smith of the
U. S. Geological Survey, and by Mr. Thomas Wakeman of the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers. These gentlemen have attended to all the details of the Conference and
have provided the Conference a friendly atmosphere ideally suited for the "work hard
and play hard" philosophy. I am very grateful for their contributions to this
Conference.
Ralph T. Cheng
Water Resources Division
U. S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Part I. Introduction
Introduction
Ralph T. Cheng 3
Interdisciplinary Estuarine Research: A Challenge for the Future
David G. Aubrey ......................................................... 7
Part II. Residual Currents
The Dynamics of Long-Term Mass Transport in Estuaries
John M. Hamrick......................................................... 17
On the Lagrangian Residual Velocity and the Mass-Transport in a Multi-Frequency
Oscillatory System
Shizuo Feng ............................................................. 34
Residual Circulation in Shallow Estuaries: Shear, Stratification and Transport
Processes
David A. Jay ............................................................ 49
Dynamics of Tidally Forced Basin-wide Coastal Eddies
Andre W. Visser, Malcolm J. Bowman, and William R. Crawford ............. 64
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Tidally Induced Residual Circulation Off
Southwest Nova Scotia
Kim·Tai Tee and Denis Lefaivre .......................................... 79
Residual Currents in the Western Dutch Wadden Sea
H. Ridderinkhof andJ.T.F. Zimmerman .................................... 93
Impacts of Relative Sea-level Rise on Evolution of Shallow Estuaries
Carl T. Friedrichs, David G. Aubrey, and Paul E. Speer .................. 105
Wind Domination of Residual Tidal Transport in a Coastal Lagoon
Ned P. Smith ............................................................ 123
Part III. Salt Mixing and Transport
Salinity Stratification and Vertical Shear Transport in an Estuary
R.J. Uncles and J .A. Stephens ........................................... 137
Longitudinal Dispersion of Salt in the Volkerak Estuary
J. van de Kreeke ........................................................ 151
Mixing and Trapping in Australian Tropical Coastal Waters
Eric Wolanski and Peter Ridd ............................................ 165
x
Control of Estuarine Salinities by Coastal Ocean Salinity
William J. Wiseman, Jr., E.M. Swenson, and F.J. Kelly 184
Mixing Processes in a Numerical Model of the Western Dutch Wadden Sea
H. Ridderinkhof and J.T.F. Zimmerman .................................... 194
Numerical SLmulation of Tidal Dispersion Around a Coastal Headland
Richard P. Signell and W. Rockwell Geyer ................................ 210
Circulation in the Salt Wedge Estuaries
Gerhard H. Jirka ........................................................ 223
Part IV. Sediment Transport
Laboratory Experiments on Sedimentation of Fine-grained Sediments: A State-of
the-Art Review in the Light of Experiments with the Delft Tidal Flume
Wim van Leussen and Johan C. Winterwerp ................................. 241
Estuarine Boundary Layers and Sediment Transport
W.H. McAnally, Jr. and E.J. Hayter ...................................... 260
Morphological Processes in Shallow Tidal Seas
H.J. de Vriend .......................................................... 276
Suspended Sediment Transport Processes in the Southern North Sea
J. Dronkers, J.S.L.J. van Alphen, and J.C. Borst ........................ 302
Some Observations on Erosion and Entrainment of Estuarine Fluid Muds
Panagiotis D. Scarlatos and Ashish J. Mehta ............................. 321
A Plume Front in Hangzhou Bay and its Role in Suspended Sediment Transport
Su Jilan, Wang Kangshan, and Li Yan ..................................... 333
Currents and Sediment Transport in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Tetsuo Yanagi ........................................................... 348
SLmulation of Suspended Sed.i. ment Dispersion in the North Sea
Walter Puls and J. Sundermann ... : ....................................... 356
Part V. Field Observations and Other Applications
Variations in Horizontal Density Gradient Forcing at the Mouth of an Estuary
Glenn A. Cannon ......................................................... 375
Persistence of Residual Currents in the James River Estuary and its Implication
to Mass Transport
Albert Y. Kuo, John M. Hamrick, and Gamble M. Sisson .................... 389
Measurements of Residual Currents in the Coastal Zone with the OSCR HF Radar:
A Review of Results from the May 1985 Experiment
John P. Matthews, David Prandle, and John H. Simpson .................... 402
Analyses of Flux Measurements in the River Mersey
David Prandle, A. Murray, and R. Johnson ................................ 413
Dynamics of Peel-Harvey Estuary, Southwest Australia
C.J. Hearn and R.J. Lukatelich .......................................... 431
XI
On the Summer Circulation in New York Bight and Contiguous Estuarine Waters
Alan F. Blumberg and Boris Galperin ..................................... 451
Salinity Intrusion and Residual Circulation in Delaware Bay During the Drought
of 1984
B. Galperin and George L. Mellor ........................................ 469
Wind and River Induced Fluctuations in a Small, Shallow, Tributary Estuary
William W. Schroeder. William J. Wiseman. Jr .• and Scott P. Dinnel ...... 481
Circulation Dynamics in Kt. Hope Bay and the Lower Taunton River
Malcolm L. Spaulding and Frank M. White ................................. 494
Part VI. Interdisciplinary Studies
Recruitment in Estuarine Benthic Communities: The Role of Physical Processes
Timothy R. Jacobsen. James D. Milutinovic. and James R. Miller .......... 513
A 3-D Eutrophication-diffusion Kodel of the Venice Lagoon: Some Applications
Camillo Dejak. Davide Franco. Roberto Pastres. and Giovanni Pecenik ..... 526
List of Contributors ........................................................... 539
Part I
Introduction
Introduction
Ralph T _ Cheng
Water Resources Division
U_ S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
Estuaries, bays, and contiguous coastal seas of the world are the most valuable
and yet most vulnerable marine ecosystems. For centuries, society has placed enor
mous value on coastal areas for living, working, and recreation. In nearly all
regions of the world, the largest population is distributed along the coastlines.
The marine ecosystems provide food, shelter, and spawning grounds for fisheries, and
refuge and sanctuary for wildlife. Dramatic increases in the population living in
coastal regions have changed the pattern of land use and the movement of sediments.
Obviously, these changes have not come without a price. Accompanying the coastal
population increase is competition for the use ,of estuarine and coastal resources:
the diversion of fresh water for irrigation and the discharge of waste water into
these systems. The changing patterns of water use have resulted in deterioration of
water quality, and in irreversible impacts on many marine ecosystems. All of these
alterations directly affect the economic development and the quality of life in
adjacent regions.
In order to optimize the management of and to protect these important
resources, we must deepen our understanding of the estuarine and coastal ecosystem
processes, expand our knowledge to better assess the effects of human activities on
these natural resources, develop our ability to evaluate the changing trend of these
processes, and we must be ready to take corrective action in anticipation of adverse
consequences. To reach these goals, the major areas of concern include: 1) altera
tions of freshwater inflows to and circulation in the systems, 2) loading and
dispersion of toxics, nutrients, sediments, and contaminants, 3) habitat loss and
degradation, and 4) decline in living resources in these coastal ecosystems. A
comprehensive strategy and research agenda should aim at an inter-disciplinary
and/or multi-disciplinary approach to address the complex issuses of marine ecosys
tems. Of all aspects in the inter- or multi-disciplinary research program,
understanding the physical processes such as circulation, mixing, and transport of
salt, nutrient, and sediment in coastal embayments and shallow seas is foremost
fundamental. A series of biennial International Conferences on the Physics of
Shallow Estuaries and Bays was organized so that research scientists could meet to
discuss their latest research findings. Because of the implied importance of these
studies to ecosystem processes whose time scales are typically much longer than a
few tidal periods, we placed the emphasis of the 1988 "Physics" conference on the
exchange of knowledge and research results in the areas of residual currents and
long-term transport processes in estuaries and bays.
In the keynote address, David Aubrey stressed the importance of inter
disciplinary research. Although based on circumstances in the United States,
limited funding situations facing research communities around the world are believed
to be universal. Becasue resources are limited, research scientists should oblige
themselves to the delicate balance between "doing the right things" and "doing the
things right". Here, "doing the right things" means asking the right questions, and
conducting the right research in order to get the right answers. "Doing the things
right" refers to using the proper methods and techniques in the course of investiga
tion. In an ideal research situation, both of these criteria should be taken as
givens. In practice, the required task cannot often be carried out as desired, and
resource limitations necessitate some compromises in the methods of solution.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol, 38
R. T. Cheng (Ed.)
Residual Currents and Long-tenn Transport
@Springer-Verlag New'ltlrk,lnc., 1990