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Regional atlas on West Africa PDF

288 Pages·2009·35.956 MB·English
by  OECD
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West African Studies Regional Atlas on West Africa West African Studies Regional Atlas on West Africa Edited by Laurent Bossard In collaboration with the Economic Community of West African States Commission With the financial support of France, Switzerland, Luxembourg and UNDP ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Cahiers de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Atlas régional de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. Cover illustration: © Daniel Krüger/Grand Krü, Berlin © OECD 2009 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. The Club du Sahel was established in 1976 at the initiative of OECD member countries in response to the droughts that had ravaged the Sahel and the subsequent food crisis. In 2001, its Board of Directors extended its geographic coverage to encompass all of West Africa, i.e. the 15 Member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), as well as Cameroon, Mauritania and Chad. Now called the Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC), it is led by a Secretariat based in Paris and admin- istratively attached to the OECD. Supported by a network of partners and experts from West Africa The SWAC / OECD and OECD member countries, its specifi city lies in 3 its approach combining direct fi eld-level involve- ment with analyses of the West African context. The SWAC promotes the regional dimension of development, supports the formulation of joint or intergovernmental policies as desired by the region’s countries, and fosters dialogue with OECD countries for a coherent understanding of the changes and dynamics taking place in West Africa. For more information, please go to: www.oecd.org/swac and www.atlas-westafrica.org To contact us: Telephone: +33 1 45 24 82 81 E-mail: [email protected] Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009 Authors and Collaborators Editorial management: Laurent Bossard Technical co-ordination and revisions: Sylvie Letassey Translation: Leslie Diamond (special thanks to Patricia Hirsch) Design and layout: Marie Moncet Authors: Editorial support: Eniko Edith Akom Communicable Diseases Laurent Bossard Migration, Cotton, Africa and Philippe Bastide Cocoa China, Vulnerability in the Sahelian Zone, Transboundary River Basins, Laurent Bossard Languages, Transport, Demographic Trends, Coffee, Cocoa, Oil Telecommunications and Gas, Communicable Diseases Daniel Duris Coffee Marie-Christine Lebret Communicable Diseases, Demographic Donata Gnisci Migration Trends Philipp Heinrigs Oil and Gas, Transport, Christophe Perret Coffee, Cocoa Telecommunications, Vulnerability in the Sahelian Zone Madiodio Niasse Transboundary River Basins Frédéric Ocrisse-Aka Languages Cartography: Dieudonné Ouedraogo Demographic Trends Hélène Gay Communicable Diseases 4 Christophe Perret Transport, Telecommunications, Cotton, Philipp Heinrigs Oil and Gas, Transport, Rural Areas, Climate Change, Africa and Telecommunications, Vulnerability in the China, Vulnerability in the Sahelian Zone Sahelian Zone Marie Trémolières Migration Cheikh Mbow Transboundary River Basins Frédéric Ocrisse-Aka Languages, Migration Christophe Perret Transport, Telecommunications, Cotton, Scientifi c contributions: Rural Areas, Climate Change, Africa ACMAD Climate Change and China, Vulnerability in the Sahelian Zone, Coffee, Cocoa Yao Adzigbey Transport, Telecommunications Nicolas Rageau Migration Agrhymet R.C. Vulnerability in the Sahelian Zone, Climate Change Nelly Robin Migration Habiboulah Bakhoum Languages Jean Bonnal Rural Areas François Bost Transport, Telecommunications Geneviève Braun Rural Areas Erwin Ebermann Languages Léonidas Hitimana Rural Areas Stéphane Jost Rural Areas, Climate Change Jean-François Marquet Transport Nelly Robin Migration Georg Ziegelmeyer Languages Sibiri – Jean Zoundi Rural Areas Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009 FOREWORD West Africa is an ever-evolving region. An immense space, it is a land of contrasts where, from North to South, the desert opens on to the savannah, the savannah gives way to the forest, the forest to the ocean. The density of the human population is variable with diverse peoples and numerous spoken languages. However, these contrasts did not lead to the creation of borders. Before the arrival of the fi rst Europeans, political confi gurations in West Africa varied greatly from vast empires to micro-societies which did not go beyond the village or groups of villages. Within each political space, governments were more concerned with the management of the population than the demarcation of its territory through the setting up of borders. Concentrations of power were thus shifting. Today the region is made up of shared intangible Foreword borders established less than fi fty years ago. Granted these borders are still recent, but most Normand Lauzon. of the population was born after their creation. Director of the SWAC / OECD Therefore much of the population has the 5 Mohamed Ibn Chambas. sentiment of belonging to a nation, but for as much, President of the ECOWAS Commission regional roots remain. The vigour of trans-national languages such as Hausa, Arabic, Yoruba, Bambara, Fulah, Wolof, Akan, Fon, Gourmantché as well as many others, are a reminder that in West Africa, there must be compatibility between the local and the regional levels, the State and the region and between borders and integration. With the recent global changes, regional integration is now at the top of the African political and economic agenda. To protect itself and capitalise on its potential, it is imperative for West Africa to better defi ne the shared interests among the countries of which it is composed. The Atlas is both a driver and a result of strategic thinking and regional synthesis. Its conception has stimulated dialogue among experts generally working independently. This has been an opportunity for the SWAC Secretariat and the ECOWAS Commission to develop a global vision of West African regional issues; to carry out strategic thinking based on solid evidence related to subsid- iarity issues. We believe that the Atlas can provide Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009 FOREWORD southern and northern technical and political chapters on relations between China and Africa, leaders with useful information to feed into debate, climate change, as well as oil and gas, were also negotiations and decision-making. It should also launched in order to respond to the needs of the be a scientifi c and educational tool with which to international agenda. promote regional action based on complementarity, synergy and economies of scale. This desire to “focus on current events” and to fuel debate when it is most heated, is decisive in terms We hope that it will enable Anglophone and of impact. The chapters on the Sahelian zone, Francophone West African students to go beyond transmissible diseases and climate change have the national framework on which the educational been used by the ECOWAS Commission to defi ne curriculum is generally based, to have a shared catastrophic risk reduction mechanisms. Several understanding of their region and its inter- chapters have been taken up by the press1 and dependencies. The Atlas shall be a useful means to discussed on television.2 At times the Atlas has bring them closer together by providing them with been used in unexpected ways. The map of GSM shared references. coverage in West Africa was used and reproduced in numerous meetings and publications related to The fi fteen chapters of this fi rst edition do not food security. It illustrates the integration of the cover all issues pertaining to the region. Work is West African agro-food market through the instan- underway on electricity, fi sheries, regional organi- taneous circulation of information. sations and borders which will appear in the forthcoming issues as well as chapters focusing All of this demonstrates a need for analytical, on the urban environment, livestock rearing and strategic and educational syntheses to which the tourism. 6 ECOWAS Commission and the SWAC Secretariat strive to respond. As we have done over the last years, the Atlas will focus on topical issues and feed into the West African international agenda. The chapter on The work carried out up to now owes much to the migration began in early 2006 after the dramatic specifi c fi nancial support provided by the French events in the Spanish enclaves in Morocco. It Co-operation, Swiss Co-operation, Luxembourg fed into the preparation of a common position Co-operation and UNDP. We are also grateful to on migration of ECOWAS member States. The other SWAC donors – Austria, Belgium, Canada, 2005 food crisis raised the issue of structural Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom food insecurity. Thus, the chapter on the vulner- and the United States whose regular fi nancing has ability of the Sahelian zone (April 2006) confi rmed, enabled much of the SWAC Secretariat team to demonstrated, and mapped out this situation. The contribute to the Atlas between 2005 and 2008. Notes 1. Notably “Gas and Oil”, “Climate Change” and “Africa and China” in « Diplomatie » magazine: www.areion.fr/publishing/www_Diplomatie/ edito01.html. 2. « Le dessous des cartes » / ARTE (Africa and China, Oil and Gas): www.arte.tv/fr/histoire-societe/le-dessous-des-cartes/392.html. Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Atlas team is grateful to Thérèse PUJOLLE and Jacqueline DAMON – respectively President and Director of the SWAC until December 2004 – who supported the creation of the project and launched its fi nancing plan. For their constant support, we also express our gratitude to Dr. Mohamed Ibn CHAMBAS, President of the ECOWAS Commission, to Dr. Adrienne DIOP, Director of Communications and then Commissioner for Human Development and Gender within the ECOWAS Commission, and Normand LAUZON, Director of the SWAC. The team emphasises that the chapters on rural environment and climate change could not have been produced without the expertise and knowledge of the FAO and the Agrhymet Regional Centre of the CILSS. Similarly, the Department of African Studies of the University of Vienna (Austria) provided valuable support to the chapter on languages. Haruna WARKANI, Head of the ECOWAS Commission’s Documentation Division, played Acknowledgements an important role as the interface with the 7 SWAC Secretariat and greatly contributed to the dissemination of the Atlas chapters. We are grateful to Baber TANDINA, Director ad interim of the ECOWAS Commission’s Free Movement of Persons Department until December 2007, Nfaly SANOH, Director of the ECOWAS Commission’s Free Movement of Persons Department, and Yao ADZIGBEY (Principal Programme Offi cer for Transport of the ECOWAS Commission) for their contributions and constant use of the Atlas in their work. Collecting raw data for an Atlas – numbers and databases, studies and academic work, technical and policy documents – is not an easy task. Many people devoted time and energy to helping us. We sincerely thank them: AMOUZOU Dovi (Economic Mission in Lagos – DREE – Nigeria), BALAMI Dahiru Hassan (University of Maiduguri, Nigeria), BERNARD Eric (University doctoral student), BOLOUVI Michel (Sud Communication, Niger), CHAM Baboucar (Banjul International Airport, the Gambia), CHEIFFOU Amadou (International Civil Aviation Organisation, Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Western and Central African Offi ce, Senegal), Naïg (ISEMAR, France), MBOW Cheik (and team of COZIER Thierry (Delegation of the European the Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches Géomatiques Commission, Mali), D’ANGELO Grégory (Economic –LERG- of the University of Dakar), NDIAYE Pape Mission in Lagos – DREE – Nigeria), DIAGNE Oumar (Dakar, Senegal), NOI Eric T. (Ghana Civil Ababakar Sadir (ASECNA, Senegal), DIOP Charles Aviation Authority, Ghana), NZEKWU Sylvia (International Civil Aviation Organisation, Western (Contact of the Sahel and West Africa Club, Nigeria), and Central African Offi ce, Senegal), DIOUF Ameth YAÏ Olabiyi Babalola Joseph (Permanent UNESCO (ASECNA, Senegal), DEMBELE Ousmane (University Ambassador to Benin), OUEDRAOGO Benoît of Abidjan-Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire), ESHUN John (Contact of the Sahel and West Africa Club, Burkina (Contact of the Sahel and West Africa Club, Ghana), Faso), PAYA Fabrice (Delegation of the European GANSARE Sanni (LARES, Benin), GELOES Ronan Commission, Guinea), POIRSON Anne-Claire de (BIVAC International, Chad), GIBIGAYE Moussa (Embassy of France, Chad), PRADELLE Jean-Marc (LARES, Benin), GILLET Nathalie (Marchés tropicaux (Embassy of France, Mauritania), RIEMBAULT et méditerranéens, France), HARKOUK Arezki (GRDR, Paul (Delegation of the European Commission, Mauritania), GRASDEPOT Olivier (Delegation of Chad), SOULE Bio Goura (LARES, Benin), SPASIANO the European Commission, Cameroon), LUNEAU Valentina (FAO), TOURRET Paul (ISEMAR, France). 8 Regional Atlas on West Africa — ISBN 978-92-64-05592-6 — © OECD 2009

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