Red Book Atlas of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

898 Pages·2020·40.08 MB·english

by  American Academy of Pediatrics

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Concise text descriptions walk the reader through diagnosis,
evaluation, and management essentials for each condition.
• Clinical manifestations B
4TH EDITION
• Etiology a
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• Diagnostic tests e
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• Treatment
Ten new chapters cover Zika virus, rhinovirus infections, c oagulase- Editor
negative staphylococcal infections, and more.
Carol J. Baker, MD, FAAP
For other pediatric resources, visit the American Academy of
Pediatrics at shop.aap.org.
Image
companion
to
Red Book®
AAP
Red Book
®
Atlas of
Pediatric
Infectious
Diseases
4TH EDITION
Editor
Carol J. Baker, MD, FAAP
American Academy of Pediatrics Publishing Staff
Mary Lou White, Chief Product and Services Officer/
SVP, Membership, Marketing, and Publishing
Mark Grimes, Vice President, Publishing
Heather Babiar, MS, Senior Editor, Professional/Clinical Publishing
Theresa Weiner, Production Manager, Clinical and Professional Publications
Jason Crase, Manager, Editorial Services
Peg Mulcahy, Manager, Art Direction and Production
Linda Smessaert, Senior Marketing Manager, Professional Resources
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The American Academy of Pediatrics is an organization of 67,000 primary care pediatricians,
pediatric medical subspecialists, and pediatric surgical specialists dedicated to the health,
safety, and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
The recommendations in this publication do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment
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Statements and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those
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ISBN: 978-1-61002-350-4
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966768
III
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................IX
1 Actinomycosis ............................................................................................1
2 Adenovirus Infections ................................................................................4
3 Amebiasis ..................................................................................................7
4 Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis ...............................................14
5 Anthrax ....................................................................................................18
6 Arboviruses ..............................................................................................25
7 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Infections .........................................34
8 Ascaris lumbricoides Infections ............................................................36
9 Aspergillosis ............................................................................................39
10 Astrovirus Infections ................................................................................44
11 Babesiosis ................................................................................................46
12 Bacillus cereus Infections and Intoxications ..........................................51
13 Bacterial Vaginosis ...................................................................................53
14 Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative
Bacilli Infections ......................................................................................56
15 Balantidium coli Infections ...................................................................58
16 Bartonella henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease) ...........................................60
17 Baylisascaris Infections .........................................................................65
18 Infections With Blastocystis hominis and Other Subtypes .....................69
19 Blastomycosis .........................................................................................71
20 Bocavirus .................................................................................................74
21 Borrelia Infections Other Than Lyme Disease ........................................75
22 Brucellosis ...............................................................................................78
23 Burkholderia Infections ........................................................................82
24 Campylobacter Infections ..........................................................................85
25 Candidiasis ..............................................................................................88
26 Chancroid and Cutaneous Ulcers .............................................................97
27 Chikungunya ..........................................................................................100
28 Chlamydia pneumoniae ...................................................................102
29 Chlamydia psittaci............................................................................104
30 Chlamydia trachomatis ....................................................................107
31 Botulism and Infant Botulism .................................................................113
32 Clostridial Myonecrosis ..........................................................................119
33 Clostridium difficile ..........................................................................121
34 Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning ............................................125
35 Coccidioidomycosis ...............................................................................127
IV CONTENTS
36 Coronaviruses, Including SARS and MERS .............................................134
37 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Infections ..........139
38 Cryptosporidiosis ..................................................................................142
39 Cutaneous Larva Migrans ......................................................................147
40 Cyclosporiasis ........................................................................................149
41 Cystoisosporiasis ..................................................................................151
42 Cytomegalovirus Infection .....................................................................154
43 Dengue .................................................................................................162
44 Diphtheria..............................................................................................167
45 Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Infections ....................................173
46 Serious Bacterial Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae ...............182
47 Enterovirus (Nonpoliovirus) .................................................................189
48 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections .................................................................194
49 Escherichia coli Diarrhea ....................................................................199
50 Other Fungal Diseases ..........................................................................205
51 Fusobacterium Infections ...................................................................214
52 Giardia intestinalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia
duodenalis) Infections ..........................................................................217
53 Gonococcal Infections ...........................................................................222
54 Granuloma Inguinale .............................................................................232
55 Haemophilus influenzae Infections ....................................................234
56 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ...........................................................244
57 Helicobacter pylori Infections .............................................................247
58 Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses ........................................250
59 Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Bunyaviruses ........................................252
60 Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Filoviruses: Ebola and Marburg............256
61 Hepatitis A .............................................................................................262
62 Hepatitis B .............................................................................................266
63 Hepatitis C .............................................................................................275
64 Hepatitis D ............................................................................................280
65 Hepatitis E .............................................................................................282
66 Herpes Simplex .....................................................................................284
67 Histoplasmosis ......................................................................................298
68 Hookworm Infections ............................................................................303
69 Human Herpesvirus 6 (Including Roseola) and 7 ...................................308
70 Human Herpesvirus 8 ............................................................................312
71 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ...............................................314
72 Influenza ................................................................................................334
73 Kawasaki Disease ..................................................................................347
CONTENTS V
74 Kingella kingae Infections ...................................................................354
75 Legionella pneumophila Infections ....................................................356
76 Leishmaniasis ........................................................................................361
77 Leprosy ..................................................................................................368
78 Leptospirosis .........................................................................................373
79 Listeria monocytogenes Infections .....................................................378
80 Lyme Disease .........................................................................................382
81 Lymphatic Filariasis ...............................................................................394
82 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ..............................................................399
83 Malaria...................................................................................................401
84 Measles ..................................................................................................412
85 Meningococcal Infections ......................................................................420
86 Human Metapneumovirus ......................................................................429
87 Microsporidia Infections ........................................................................431
88 Molluscum Contagiosum ........................................................................435
89 Moraxella catarrhalis Infections ........................................................438
90 Mumps ...................................................................................................440
91 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and
Other Mycoplasma Species Infections ..................................................445
92 Nocardiosis ............................................................................................450
93 Norovirus and Sapovirus Infections ......................................................454
94 Onchocerciasis ......................................................................................457
95 Human Papillomaviruses ........................................................................460
96 Paracoccidioidomycosis .........................................................................465
97 Paragonimiasis .......................................................................................468
98 Parainfluenza Infections .........................................................................472
99 Parasitic Diseases ..................................................................................475
100 Human Parechovirus Infections .............................................................486
101 Parvovirus B19 ......................................................................................487
102 Pasteurella Infections ..........................................................................492
103 Pediculosis Capitis .................................................................................494
104 Pediculosis Corporis ..............................................................................499
105 Pediculosis Pubis ...................................................................................501
106 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ..................................................................503
107 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) .................................................................508
108 Pinworm Infection .................................................................................514
109 Pityriasis Versicolor ...............................................................................517
110 Plague ....................................................................................................520
111 Pneumococcal Infections .......................................................................526
VI CONTENTS
112 Pneumocystis jiroveci Infections .........................................................537
113 Poliovirus Infections ..............................................................................541
114 Polyomaviruses .....................................................................................546
115 Prion Diseases: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ................548
116 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii Infection) ..................................................552
117 Rabies ....................................................................................................555
118 Rat-Bite Fever ........................................................................................561
119 Respiratory Syncytial Virus ...................................................................564
120 Rhinovirus Infections .............................................................................569
121 Rickettsial Diseases ...............................................................................570
122 Rickettsialpox ........................................................................................572
123 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ..............................................................574
124 Rotavirus Infections ...............................................................................580
125 Rubella ..................................................................................................582
126 Salmonella Infections ..........................................................................588
127 Scabies ..................................................................................................597
128 Schistosomiasis......................................................................................602
129 Shigella Infections ................................................................................608
130 Smallpox (Variola) .................................................................................612
131 Sporotrichosis .......................................................................................619
132 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning ..............................................................623
133 Staphylococcus aureus ........................................................................624
134 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Infections .......................................641
135 Group A Streptococcal Infections ..........................................................643
136 Group B Streptococcal Infections ..........................................................656
137 Non-Group A or B Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections ...............661
138 Strongyloidiasis .....................................................................................666
139 Syphilis ..................................................................................................669
140 Tapeworm Diseases ...............................................................................689
141 Other Tapeworm Infections ...................................................................695
142 Tetanus ..................................................................................................700
143 Tinea Capitis ..........................................................................................704
144 Tinea Corporis ......................................................................................708
145 Tinea Cruris ...........................................................................................712
146 Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium (Onychomycosis) .................................714
147 Toxocariasis ...........................................................................................717
148 Toxoplasma gondii Infections .............................................................720
149 Trichinellosis .........................................................................................729
CONTENTS VII
150 Trichomonas vaginalis Infections ......................................................733
151 Trichuriasis ............................................................................................738
152 African Trypanosomiasis ........................................................................741
153 American Trypanosomiasis ....................................................................744
154 Tuberculosis ..........................................................................................749
155 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria................................................................772
156 Tularemia ...............................................................................................781
157 Endemic Typhus ....................................................................................788
158 Epidemic Typhus ...................................................................................790
159 Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum Infections ........793
160 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections .............................................................795
161 Cholera ..................................................................................................805
162 Other Vibrio Infections .........................................................................809
163 West Nile Virus ......................................................................................811
164 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis Infections .............................................................817
165 Zika Virus ..............................................................................................821
Index ..............................................................................................................829
IX
Preface
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Red Book® Atlas of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,
4th Edition, is a summary of key disease information from the AAP Red Book®: 2018–2021
Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. It is intended to be a study guide for students,
residents, and practicing physicians.
The images of common and unusual features of children with infectious diseases can provide
diagnostic clues not found in the print version of Red Book. The juxtaposition of these images
against text summarizing the clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnostic methods,
and treatment information will be, I hope, effective as a training tool and a quick reference.
The Red Book Atlas is not planned to provide detailed information on treatment and manage-
ment but, rather, a big-picture approach that can be refined, as desired, by reference to
authoritative textbooks, original articles, or infectious disease specialists. Complete disease
and treatment information from the AAP can be found in the electronic version of the Red Book
at https://redbook.solutions.aap.org.
The Red Book Atlas would not exist without the assistance of Heather Babiar, Jason Crase, and
Theresa Wiener at the AAP and of those physicians who photographed disease manifestations in
their patients and shared these with the AAP. Some diseases have disappeared (ie, smallpox),
and others are rare (eg, diphtheria, tetanus, congenital rubella syndrome) because of effective
prevention strategies, especially immunization. While photographs cannot replace hands-on
familiarity, they helped me to consider the likelihood of alternative diagnoses, and I hope that
this will be so for the reader. I also want to thank the many individuals at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention who generously provided many images of etiologic agents, vectors, and
life cycles of parasites and protozoa relevant to some of these infections.
The study of pediatric infectious diseases has been a challenging and ever-changing professional
life for me that has brought me enormous joy. To gather data with my ears, eyes, nose, and hands
(the growingly obsolete history and physical examination), and to select the least-needed diagnos-
tic tests to solve the mystery for the patient, is still exciting. Putting these pieces together to make
a clear picture is akin to solving a crime. On many occasions, just seeing the clue (a characteristic
rash, an asymmetry, a barely visible scar where a foreign body is hidden unnoticed) has solved
the medical puzzle for me, thereby—with proper management—leading to complete recovery of
the child. This can bring satisfaction that almost nothing else replaces. It is my hope that readers
might catch a bit of this enthusiasm after reading the fourth edition of Red Book Atlas.
Carol J. Baker, MD, FAAP
Editor
ACTINOMYCOSIS 1
CHAPTER 1 bacilli. They can be part of normal oral, gastro-
intestinal tract, or vaginal flora. Actinomyces
Actinomycosis
species frequently are copathogens in tissues
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS harboring multiple other anaerobic and/or aero-
bic species. Isolation of Aggregatibacter
Actinomycosis results from pathogen introduc-
(Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans,
tion following a breakdown in mucocutaneous
frequently detected with Actinomyces species,
protective barriers. Spread within the host is by
may predict the presence of actinomycosis.
direct invasion of adjacent tissues, typically
EPIDEMIOLOGY
forming sinus tracts that cross tissue planes.
Actinomyces species occur worldwide, being
There are 3 common anatomic sites of infec-
components of endogenous oral and gastroin-
tion. Cervicofacial is most common, often
testinal tract flora. Actinomyces species are
occurring after tooth extraction, oral surgery,
opportunistic pathogens (reported in patients
or other oral/facial trauma or even from cari-
with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] and
ous teeth. Localized pain and induration may
with chronic granulomatous disease), with dis-
progress to cervical abscess and “woody hard”
ease usually following penetrating (including
nodular lesions (“lumpy jaw”), which can
human bite wounds) and nonpenetrating
develop draining sinus tracts, usually at the
trauma. Infection is uncommon in infants and
angle of the jaw or in the submandibular
children, with 80% of cases occurring in
region. Thoracic disease most commonly is
adults. The male-to-female ratio in children is
secondary to aspiration of oropharyngeal
1.5:1. Overt, microbiologically confirmed,
secretions but may be an extension of cervico-
monomicrobial disease caused by Actinomyces
facial infection. It occurs rarely after esopha-
species has become rare in the era of antimi-
geal disruption secondary to surgery or
crobial agents.
nonpenetrating trauma. Thoracic presentation
includes pneumonia, which can be complicated The incubation period varies from several days
by abscesses, empyema, and rarely, pleuroder- to several years.
mal sinuses. Focal or multifocal mediastinal
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
and pulmonary masses may be mistaken for
tumors. Abdominal actinomycosis usually is Only specimens from normally sterile sites
attributable to penetrating trauma or intestinal should be submitted for culture. Microscopic
perforation. The appendix and cecum are the demonstration of beaded, branched, gram-
most common sites; symptoms are similar to positive bacilli in purulent material or tissue
appendicitis. Slowly developing masses specimens suggests the diagnosis. Acid-fast
may simulate abdominal or retroperitoneal testing can distinguish Actinomyces species,
neoplasms. Intra-abdominal abscesses and which are acid-fast negative, from Nocardia
peritoneal-dermal draining sinuses occur even- species, which are variably acid-fast positive
tually. Chronic localized disease often forms staining. Yellow “sulfur granules” visualized
draining sinus tracts with purulent discharge. microscopically or macroscopically in drainage
Other sites of infection include the liver, pel- or loculations of purulent material suggest the
vis (which, in some cases, has been linked to diagnosis. A Gram stain of “sulfur granules”
use of intrauterine devices), heart, testicles, discloses a dense aggregate of bacterial fila-
and brain (which usually is associated with a ments mixed with inflammatory debris. A
primary pulmonary focus). Noninvasive pri- israelii forms “spiderlike” microcolonies on
mary cutaneous actinomycosis has occurred. culture medium after 48 hours. Actinomyces
species can be identified in tissue specimens
ETIOLOGY
using polymerase chain reaction assay and
A israelii and at least 5 other Actinomyces sequencing of the 16s rRNA.
species cause human disease. All are slow-
growing, microaerophilic or facultative anaero-
bic, gram-positive, filamentous branching