Recent Advances in Natural Products Science

255 Pages·2022·16.409 MB·English

by  Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia, Tapan Behl, Mohammed F. Aldawsari, Deepak Kaushik, Sridevi Chigurupati

Recent Advances in Natural
Products Science
This book provides a summarized information related to the global herbal drug market and its
regulations, ethnopharmacology of traditional crude drugs, isolation of phytopharmaceuticals, phy-
tochemistry, standardization, and quality assessment of crude drugs. Natural products science has
constantly been developing with comprehensive data contemplating different parts of natural drugs,
such as global trade, quality control and regulatory concerns, traditional medicine systems, produc-
tion and utilization of drugs, and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants. This broad information
about crude drugs gives rise to a subject that is now recognized as advance natural products science.
By contemplating all of this thorough knowledge of the areas, this book is intended to provide
considerably to the natural products science. The area of natural products science involves a broad
range of topics, such as the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and ethno-pharmacological aspects
of crude drugs. Each chapter gives a sufficient understanding to academicians and researchers in
the respective topic. This book includes 40 illustrations and descriptions of roughly 80 medicinal
plants used for herbal medicine. The book is an imperative source for all researchers, academicians,
students, and those interested in natural products science.
Features
• Includes advance knowledge and detailed developments in natural products science
• Discusses the most important phytopharmaceuticals used in the pharmaceutical industry
• Explores the analysis and classification of novel plant-based medicinal compounds
• Includes standardization, quality control, and global trade of natural products
• Gives a deep understanding related to recent advances in herbal medicines to treat
various ailments
• Discusses national and WHO regulations and policies related to herbal medicines
• Covers the complete profile of some important traditional medicinal plants, especially
their historical background, biology, and chemistry

Recent Advances in Natural
Products Science
Ahmed Al-Harrasi
Saurabh Bhatia
Tapan Behl
Mohammed F. Aldawsari
Deepak Kaushik
Sridevi Chigurupati
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
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© 2023 Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia, Tapan Behl, Mohammed F. Aldawsari, Deepak Kaushik and Sridevi
Chigurupati
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Al-Harrasi, Ahmed, author. | Bhatia, Saurabh, author. | Behl, Tapan, author. | Aldawsari,
Mohammed F., author. | Kaushik, Deepak, author. | Chigurupati, Sridevi, author.
Title: Recent advances in natural products science / Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia, Tapan Behl,
Mohammed F. Aldawsari, Deepak Kaushik, Sridevi Chigurupati.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022004323 (print) | LCCN 2022004324 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032227764 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032227771 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003274124 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Materia medica, Vegetable. | Medicinal plants. | Herbs--Therapeutic use.
Classification: LCC RS164 .A3635 2022 (print) | LCC RS164 (ebook) |
DDC 615.3/21--dc23/eng/20220217
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022004323
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022004324
ISBN: 978-1-032-22776-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-22777-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-27412-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003274124
Typeset in Times
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................xvii
Authors ............................................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Global Herbal Drug Market and Its Regulations .........................................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 History of Herbal Medicine ...............................................................................2
1.2.1 Traditional Medicine ............................................................................3
1.3 Herbal Trade in the Global Market ...................................................................6
1.4 Herbal Market at International Level ................................................................7
1.4.1 International Trade of Herbal Products ................................................7
1.4.2 Herbal Medicine and Its Market ..........................................................9
1.4.3 Development in Herbal Medicine Industry
with Reference to Trade .......................................................................9
1.5 Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Disease .....................................9
1.6 Present Status of Herbal Medicine ..................................................................10
1.7 Present Status of Herbal Medicine in India.....................................................10
1.8 Who Guidelines for Herbal Products ..............................................................11
1.8.1 Last Amendment in the Guidelines ....................................................11
1.9 Major Obstacles in Herbal Products ................................................................12
1.10 The Evaluation of New Herbal Products Consists ..........................................12
1.10.1 Assessment of Recent Herbal Preparations
Comprises Following Steps ................................................................12
1.11 Who Strategy for Traditional Medicine ..........................................................12
1.12 Importance and the Status of Herbal Medicines and Cosmetics ....................13
1.13 Increasing Use and Popularity .........................................................................13
1.14 Who’s Policy on Herbal Medicines .................................................................13
1.15 Herbal Preparations: Merits as well as Demerits ............................................17
1.15.1 Merits .................................................................................................17
1.15.2 Demerits .............................................................................................17
1.16 Causes for Sudden Growth in Herbal Medicines ............................................18
1.17 Assessment of the Herbal Medicine Based on Their Efficiency
as well as Safety Profile ...................................................................................18
1.18 Most Important Challenges Associated with Clinical Studies
of Herbal Medicines ........................................................................................19
1.19 Clinical Studies on Ayurvedic Preparations ...................................................20
1.20 Herbal Drug Development ...............................................................................20
1.21 Reputation of Plant-Based Products as New Drugs ........................................21
1.21.1 Plant-Derived Ethnotherapeutics........................................................22
1.21.2 Sustainable Utilization as well as Conservation
of Medicinal Plants ............................................................................22
1.21.3 Quality Control Techniques ...............................................................22
1.21.4 Clinical Approach ..............................................................................23
1.22 Market Scenario of Herbal Products ...............................................................24
1.22.1 Herbal Medicine Market ....................................................................25
References ..................................................................................................................30
v
vi Contents
Chapter 2 Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals .......................................................................35
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................35
2.2 Categorization of Plant-Based Phytochemicals ...............................................36
2.2.1 Phenolic Compounds ..........................................................................36
2.2.2 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds ......................................................36
2.2.3 Terpenes .............................................................................................38
2.3 Role of Biosynthetic Pathways in the Production
of Phytopharmaceuticals .................................................................................38
2.4 Role of Extraction Process in Production of Phytopharmaceuticals ...............39
2.5 Isolation as well as Purification of Phytopharmaceuticals ..............................39
2.6 Purification of the Bioactive Molecule ............................................................41
2.7 Structural Elucidation of the Bioactive Molecules ..........................................41
2.8 Phytopharmaceuticals: Commercially Important
Phytopharmaceuticals......................................................................................41
2.8.1 Quinine ...............................................................................................41
2.8.1.1 Isolation of Quinine ............................................................42
2.8.1.2 Estimation of Quinine ........................................................42
2.8.2 Ephedrine (1-phenyl, 1-hydroxy, 2-methyl amino propane) ...............44
2.8.2.1 Isolation of Ephedrine ........................................................45
2.8.2.2 Identification Tests for Ephedrine .......................................46
2.8.2.3 Estimation of Ephedrine .....................................................46
2.8.3 Cardiac Glycosides .............................................................................46
2.8.3.1 Isolation Estimation and Identification
of Digitalis purpurea Glycosides ........................................47
2.8.3.2 Isolation of Cardiac Glycosides ..........................................47
2.8.3.3 Identification of Phytochemicals ........................................50
2.8.3.4 Estimation of Cardiac Glycosides.......................................50
2.8.3.5 Bioassay of Digitalis and Its Preparations ..........................51
2.8.4 Calcium Sennosides ...........................................................................51
2.8.4.1 Methods of Isolation ...........................................................52
2.8.4.2 Identification Tests for Sennosides .....................................53
2.8.4.3 Estimation of Sennosides ....................................................54
2.8.5 Glycyrrhizin .......................................................................................54
2.8.5.1 Isolation of Glycyrrhizin .....................................................55
2.8.5.2 Estimation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid ......................................56
2.8.5.3 Estimation Methods by Conventional Approaches ............58
2.8.5.4 Identification Tests ..............................................................59
2.8.6 Gymnemic Acid .................................................................................59
2.8.6.1 Identification Tests for Gymnemic Acid .............................60
2.8.6.2 Safety Protocols and Possible Interactions
of Gymnema .......................................................................60
2.8.6.3 Isolation of Gymnemic Acid ...............................................60
2.8.6.4 Estimation of Gymnemic Acid ...........................................61
2.8.7 Andrographolide ................................................................................62
2.8.7.1 Isolation of Andrographolides ............................................62
2.8.7.2 Identification Method for Andrographolide ........................62
2.8.7.3 Estimation of Andrographolide ..........................................63
2.8.7.4 Estimation Method by HPLC .............................................64
2.8.8 Diosgenin............................................................................................64
2.8.8.1 Detection of Diosgenin .......................................................64
2.8.8.2 Isolation of Diosgenin .........................................................66
Contents vii
2.8.9 Podophyllotoxin..................................................................................68
2.8.9.1 Isolation of Podophyllotoxin ...............................................68
2.8.9.2 Estimation of Podophyllotoxin ...........................................69
2.8.10 Solasodine ..........................................................................................69
2.8.10.1 Isolation of Solasodine........................................................69
2.8.10.2 TLC of Solasodine ..............................................................69
2.8.11 Vasicine ..............................................................................................69
2.8.11.1 Isolation of Vasicine ...........................................................70
2.8.11.2 Identification of Vasicine ....................................................71
2.8.12 Vinca Alkaloids ..................................................................................71
2.8.12.1 Isolation of Vincristine and Vinblastine .............................72
2.8.12.2 TLC of Vincristine .............................................................72
2.8.13 Strychnine and Brucine ......................................................................72
2.8.13.1 Isolation of Strychnine and Brucine ...................................74
2.8.13.2 Identification Tests ..............................................................74
2.8.13.3 TLC of Brucine as well as Strychnine................................75
2.8.14 Piperine ..............................................................................................76
2.8.14.1 Isolation of Piperine ............................................................76
2.8.14.2 TLC of Piperine ..................................................................76
2.8.15 Colchicine ...........................................................................................77
2.8.15.1 Isolation of Colchicine ........................................................77
2.8.15.2 TLC of Colchicine ..............................................................78
2.8.16 Curcumin ............................................................................................78
2.8.16.1 Isolation of Curcuminoids ..................................................79
2.8.16.2 Thin Layer Chromatography of Curcumin .........................79
2.8.17 Emetine ..............................................................................................79
2.8.17.1 Isolation of Emetine ............................................................80
2.8.17.2 TLC of Emetine ..................................................................80
2.8.17.3 Chemical Test of Emetine ...................................................80
2.8.18 Guggulsterone ((4,17(20)-Pregnadiene-3,16-Dione) ...........................80
2.8.18.1 Isolation of Guggulsterones ................................................82
2.8.18.2 Thin Layer Chromatography of Guggulsterone .................82
2.8.19 Hesperidin (3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone-7-Rhamnoglucoside) ............82
2.8.19.1 Isolation of Hesperidin .......................................................83
2.8.19.2 Identification Test for Hesperidin .......................................83
2.8.20 Nicotine ..............................................................................................83
2.8.20.1 Isolation of Nicotine ...........................................................85
2.8.20.2 Identification Test for Nicotine ...........................................85
2.8.21 Opium Alkaloids ................................................................................85
2.8.21.1 Isolation for Opium Alkaloids ............................................86
2.8.21.2 Identification Tests ..............................................................86
References ..................................................................................................................87
Chapter 3 Plant Profile, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacological Uses of Ashoka,
Ashwagandha, and Amla ...........................................................................................99
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................99
3.1.1 Traditional Systems ..........................................................................100
3.1.2 Role of CAM ....................................................................................101
3.2 Ashoka ...........................................................................................................102
3.2.1 Vernacular Names ............................................................................102
3.2.2 Biological Source .............................................................................102
viii Contents
3.2.3 Geographical Distribution ................................................................102
3.2.4 Chemical Composition .....................................................................102
3.2.5 Common Uses ..................................................................................102
3.2.6 Traditional Uses ................................................................................103
3.2.7 Pharmacological Uses ......................................................................103
3.2.8 Traditional Formulations ..................................................................103
3.2.9 Mechanism of Action .......................................................................103
3.2.10 Marketed Products ...........................................................................104
3.2.11 Recent Research ...............................................................................104
3.2.12 Toxicity .............................................................................................104
3.2.13 Status of the Medicinal Plant ...........................................................105
3.2.14 Commercial Trade ............................................................................105
3.2.15 Substituents and Adulterants ............................................................105
3.2.16 Clinical Trials ...................................................................................105
3.3 Ashwagandha .................................................................................................106
3.3.1 Vernacular Names ............................................................................106
3.3.2 Biological Source .............................................................................106
3.3.3 Geographical Distribution ................................................................106
3.3.4 Chemical Composition .....................................................................106
3.3.5 Common Uses ..................................................................................107
3.3.6 Traditional Uses ................................................................................107
3.3.7 Pharmacological Uses ......................................................................108
3.3.8 Traditional Formulations ..................................................................109
3.3.9 Mechanism of Action .......................................................................110
3.3.10 Marketed Products ...........................................................................110
3.3.11 Toxicity .............................................................................................111
3.3.12 Recent Research ...............................................................................111
3.3.13 Clinical Trials ...................................................................................111
3.3.14 Adulterants and Substituents ............................................................112
3.3.15 Annual Trade ....................................................................................112
3.3.16 Status of the Medicinal Plant ...........................................................112
3.4 Aloe Vera .......................................................................................................112
3.4.1 Vernacular Names ............................................................................112
3.4.2 Biological Source .............................................................................112
3.4.3 Geographical Distribution ................................................................113
3.4.4 Chemical Composition .....................................................................113
3.4.5 Common Uses ..................................................................................114
3.4.6 Toxicity .............................................................................................115
3.4.7 Pharmacological Uses ......................................................................115
3.4.8 Traditional Uses ................................................................................116
3.4.9 Common Uses ..................................................................................116
3.4.9.1 As Skin Moisturizing and Anti-Aging Agent ...................116
3.4.9.2 Sun Protective and Wound Healing Effects .....................116
3.4.9.3 Bone Fracture Effects .......................................................117
3.4.10 Therapeutic Properties .....................................................................117
3.4.10.1 Anti-Inflammatory Effects ...............................................117
3.4.10.2 Immunomodulatory Effects ..............................................117
3.4.10.3 Effects on GIT ..................................................................118
3.4.10.4 Antitumour, Anticancer, and Antiviral Effects ................118
3.4.10.5 Antimicrobial, Antiseptic,
and Amoebicidal Effects ..................................................118
Contents ix
3.4.11 Traditional Formulations ..................................................................118
3.4.12 Mechanism of Action .......................................................................118
3.4.13 Marketed Products ...........................................................................119
3.4.14 Industrial Applications .....................................................................119
3.4.15 Adulterants and Substituents ............................................................120
3.4.16 Clinical Trials ...................................................................................120
3.5 Amla ..............................................................................................................120
3.5.1 Vernacular Names ............................................................................120
3.5.2 Biological Source .............................................................................120
3.5.3 Geographical Distribution ................................................................120
3.5.4 Chemical Composition .....................................................................120
3.5.5 Traditional Uses ................................................................................120
3.5.6 Traditional Formulations ..................................................................124
3.5.7 Pharmacological Uses ......................................................................124
3.5.7.1 GIT Effects .......................................................................124
3.5.7.2 Antimicrobial Effects .......................................................125
3.5.7.3 Antidiabetic Effects ..........................................................125
3.5.7.4 Obesity ..............................................................................125
3.5.7.5 Immunomodulatory Effects ..............................................125
3.5.7.6 Hepatoprotective Effects...................................................125
3.5.7.7 Antiaging Effects ..............................................................126
3.5.7.8 Renoprotective Effects ......................................................126
3.5.7.9 Anticancer Effects ............................................................126
3.5.8 Industrial Applications .....................................................................126
3.5.9 Marketed Products ...........................................................................127
3.5.10 Toxicity .............................................................................................127
3.5.11 Clinical Data ....................................................................................127
3.5.11.1 Treatment for Relieving Xerostomia ................................127
3.5.11.2 In the Management of Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease ..................................................................127
3.5.11.3 In the Management of Hypertension ................................128
3.5.11.4 Improve Skin Condition....................................................128
3.5.11.5 To Treat Dyslipidaemia .....................................................128
3.5.11.6 For Oral Hygiene ..............................................................128
3.5.12 Adulterants and Substituents ............................................................128
References ................................................................................................................129
Chapter 4 Plant Profile, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacological Uses of
Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia arjuna .........................143
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................143
4.2 Bahera ............................................................................................................144
4.2.1 Vernacular Names ............................................................................144
4.2.2 Biological Sources ............................................................................144
4.2.3 Cultivation and Collection ................................................................144
4.2.4 Chemical Composition .....................................................................144
4.2.5 Traditional Uses ................................................................................145
4.2.6 Traditional Formulations ..................................................................145
4.2.7 Pharmacological Uses ......................................................................146
4.2.7.1 Antidiabetic Activity ........................................................147
4.2.7.2 Antinociceptive Activity ...................................................147