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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering K. Rajkumar Elammaran Jayamani P. Ramkumar Editors Recent Advances in Materials Technologies Select Proceedings of ICEMT 2021 Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering Series Editors Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia Francesco Gherardini , Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Machines and Tools, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine Editorial Board Francisco Cavas-Martínez , Departamento de Estructuras, Construcción y Expresión Gráfica Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Francesca di Mare, Institute of Energy Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia Young W. Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey, CA, USA Justyna Trojanowska, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop- ments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality. Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new challenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include: . Engineering Design . Machinery and Machine Elements . Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis . Automotive Engineering . Engine Technology . Aerospace Technology and Astronautics . Nanotechnology and Microengineering . Control, Robotics, Mechatronics . MEMS . Theoretical and Applied Mechanics . Dynamical Systems, Control . Fluid Mechanics . Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer . Manufacturing . Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement . Materials Engineering . Tribology and Surface Technology To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Springer Editor of your location: China: Ms. Ella Zhang at [email protected] India: Priya Vyas at [email protected] Rest of Asia, Australia, New Zealand: Swati Meherishi at [email protected] All other countries: Dr. Leontina Di Cecco at [email protected] To submit a proposal for a monograph, please check our Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/11693 or contact [email protected] Indexed by SCOPUS. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science. · · K. Rajkumar Elammaran Jayamani P. Ramkumar Editors Recent Advances in Materials Technologies Select Proceedings of ICEMT 2021 Editors K. Rajkumar Elammaran Jayamani Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Computing Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College and Science of Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sarawak Campus Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia P. Ramkumar Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering ISBN 978-981-19-3894-8 ISBN 978-981-19-3895-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3895-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to the late beloved parents, Chandra and Kaliyamoorthy Foreword I feel it is a great honour to share my thoughts on a book of this kind published by Springer Nature, covering exclusively the topics related to materials and technologies. It is a holistic compilation of peer-reviewed research papers on the above areas, presented during our prestigious International Conference on Energy and Materials Technologies (ICEMT 2021), organized by our department at SSN College of Engi- neering during 20–21 August 2021. All the chapters in this book reflect the dedicated research work of authors across different laboratories and institutions. The contents are very interesting, covering imminent topics like advanced materials, mechanical behaviour of materials, biomaterials, structural materials, advanced manufacturing, advances in joining processes, additive manufacturing, etc. I appreciate the editors for their great efforts and meticulous compilation. I congratulate the reviewers for their careful reviews and recommendations. I appreciate all the authors for their tech- nical articles contributed. I wish the audience of this book will certainly cherish and enjoy the contents that uncover the state-of-the-art research trends in materials and allied topics. Finally, my best wishes go to the publishers (Springer Nature) for their support and efforts during the publication of this book. Dr. K. S. Vijay Sekar Professor and Head Department of Mechanical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India vii Preface Energy and materials form the very basic foundations of science and technology. The future progress of science and humankind relies heavily on the above two. The world has come a long way from the past due to numerous scientists and engineers’ continuous and dedicated contributions across the globe. In this context, we recently organized a virtual International Conference on Energy and Materials Technologies (ICEMT 2021) in our department of Mechanical Engineering at SSN College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India, on 20–21 August 2021. We are extremely happy to bring you this book as a compilation of select peer-reviewed research articles with exclusive coverage on materials and technologies as a visible outcome. The research articles have been organized under different chapters, such as advanced materials, mechanical behaviour, biomaterials, structural materials, advanced manufacturing, advances in joining processes and additive manufacturing. All the articles highlight the recent trends and current state-of-art research carried out by different authors working on materials and related areas. The articles presented reports on materials processing, characterization, simulations, analysis, experiments, numer- ical models, etc. We hope that this book will serve as a knowledge addition and motivate researchers across institutes, laboratories and industries. We also hope that the book will be a tool/guide for all the industry and academic fraternities and the student community. Chennai, India K. Rajkumar Kuching, Malaysia Elammaran Jayamani Chennai, India P. Ramkumar ix Acknowledgments We received about two hundred papers for presentation during the conference, and about a hundred were considered for our further reviews. As editors, we thank all the reviewers for their valuable reviews. Our special thanks to all the authors who have contributed their research findings. We thank the SSN Institution and its management for all the support and encouragement given. A humble note of thanks to all our colleagues, organizing committee members, session chairs, session coordinators, and volunteers for their timely support. We wish to file our humble note of thanks to Prof. Dr. Elammaran Jayamani at Swinburne University of Technology Campus, Malaysia, for the timely guidance. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Ramkumar P., Associate Prof., IIT Madras, and Dr. Subbu Sethuvenkataraman, Research Group Leader, CSIRO Energy Business Division, Australia, for their keynote addresses during the conference. We are happy to express our gratitude to Dr. V. E. Annamalai, Principal, SSNCE, and Dr. K. S. Vijay Sekar, HoD/Mech., SSNCE, for the overall support and guidance. We express our humble note of thanks to Springer Nature and Springer publishing team for their kind support and suggestions at various stages during the preparation of this book. K. Rajkumar Elammaran Jayamani P. Ramkumar xi About the Conference Energy and materials are both inseparable and form the essential core of Science and Engineering. Being mutually complimentary, they are the basis for everything in this vast Universe. Exciting research is happening elsewhere focusing the development of state-of-the-art technologies, development of ultra-new and smart systems and so on in the two areas. It is high time that researchers working in the areas of energy and materials get linked and share their R&D with each other and the outside world for the (re)emergence of a safe and pollution free environment. Consid- ering the above, this conference was organized by us with an objective of setting a platform for researchers/scientists/industries/academia/scholars/students across the globe to exchange ideas and share their current research and findings for the benefit of the community and environment at large. The conference was organized online and received a great response from researchers worldwide. We received about 350+ abstracts, and about 230 were selected for oral presentation. There were about 110 papers on energy and the rest on materials. As organizers, we are extremely happy to share that the conference was well received. There were about 22 parallel sessions that covered all the oral presentations in the two days with two keynote addresses by two eminent speakers. We selected around 100 papers in each of the themes, viz. energy and materials. Following a thorough review process, we shortlisted about 50 papers in each of the themes for possible publication as two separate book volumes under the prestigious book series, “Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering” published by Springer Nature. All the sessions were chaired by experts across the field, and we awarded one best paper for each session. The conference commenced with an official inaugural and ended with a formal valedictory presided by the Head of the Institu- tion, SSNCE, and graced by the presence of the entire organizing committee and the authors and general participants. Overall, ICEMT 2021 was a great knowledge- sharing experience, and we wish to thank everyone for making the conference memo- rable. We look forward to organize the second version of ICEMT in the near future and look forward to a great support from prospective researchers. xiii