Reading Statistics and Research

593 Pages·2011·4.525 MB·English

by  Schuyler W. Huck

S I X T H E D I T I O N
Reading Statistics
and Research
Schuyler W. Huck
University of Tennessee,
Knoxville
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Huck,Schuyler W.
Reading statistics and research. — 6th ed. / Schuyler W. Huck
p. cm.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-217863-1
ISBN-10:0-13-217863-X
1. Statistics. 2. Research. 3. Experimental design. I. Title.
QA276.H788 2012
001.4'22—dc22 2010054550
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-10: 0-13-217863-X
ISBN-13:978-0-13-217863-1
This book is dedicated to two groups: those consumers of research
reports who work at developing the skills needed to critically evaluate
(and sometimes reject!) the claims made by researchers, and those
researchers whose claims ought to be believed (and acted upon!)
because they take the time to analyze carefully the data gleaned from
thoughtfully designed studies that address worthy questions.
About the Author
Schuyler (Sky) Huck (Ph.D., Northwestern) is Distin-
guished Professor and Chancellor’s Teaching Scholar at
the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. His concerns for
improving statistical instruction and helping consumers
decipher and critique research reports show up in his
books,journal articles,and convention presentations,and
on his website (http://www.readingstats.com). In addition,
Sky’s applied/theoretical work has been cited by scholars
in 337 different academic journals. Despite these achieve-
ments and other honors that have come his way,Sky takes
his greatest pride in (1) the fact that two of his students have won Outstanding
Dissertation Awards in stiff national competitions and (2) comments from his stu-
dents that say,in essence,“You helped me learn!”Sky’s hobbies include photography,
puzzles,and poetry. In addition,he regularly helps prepare and serve hot meals for
the homeless and makes deliveries of nonperishable groceries to those in need.
iv
Brief Contents
1
Typical Format of a Journal Article 1
2
Descriptive Statistics: The Univariate Case 18
3
Bivariate Correlation 44
4
Reliability and Validity 68
5
Foundations of Inferential Statistics 90
6
Estimation 114
7
Hypothesis Testing 131
8
Effect Size, Power, CIs, and Bonferroni 161
9
Statistical Inferences Concerning Bivariate Correlation Coefficients 183
10
Inferences Concerning One or Two Means 204
11
Tests on Three or More Means Using a One-Way ANOVA 234
12
Post Hoc and Planned Comparisons 257
13
Two-Way Analyses of Variance 276
14
Analyses of Variance with Repeated Measures 312
15
The Analysis of Covariance 343
16
Bivariate, Multiple, and Logistic Regression 367
17
Inferences on Percentages, Proportions, and Frequencies 404
18
Statistical Tests on Ranks (Nonparametric Tests) 434
19
Multivariate Tests on Means 458
20
Factor Analysis 479
21
Structural Equation Modeling 504
Epilogue 529
v
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Contents
Preface xvii
1
Typical Format of a Journal Article 1
Abstract 2
Introduction 3
Method 6
Statistical Plans 10
Results 11
Discussion 13
References 14
Notes 16
Two Final Comments 16
Review Terms 17
The Best Items in the Companion Website 17
2
Descriptive Statistics: The Univariate Case 18
Picture Techniques 18
Distributional Shape 24
Measures of Central Tendency 28
Measures of Variability 31
vii
viii Contents
Standard Scores 38
A Few Cautions 40
Review Terms 43
The Best Items in the Companion Website 43
3
Bivariate Correlation 44
The Key Concept behind Correlation:Relationship 45
Scatter Plots 46
The Correlation Coefficient 48
The Correlation Matrix 50
Different Kinds of Correlational Procedures 53
Warnings about Correlation 61
Review Terms 66
The Best Items in the Companion Website 66
4
Reliability and Validity 68
Reliability 68
Validity 81
Final Comments 87
Review Terms 89
The Best Items in the Companion Website 89
5
Foundations of Inferential Statistics 90
Statistical Inference 91
The Concepts of Statistic and Parameter 94
Types of Samples 96
The Problems of Low Response Rates,Refusals to Participate,
and Attrition 103
Contents ix
A Few Warnings 108
Review Terms 112
The Best Items in the Companion Website 112
6
Estimation 114
Interval Estimation 114
Point Estimation 125
Warnings Concerning Interval and Point Estimation 129
Review Terms 130
The Best Items in the Companion Website 130
7
Hypothesis Testing 131
An Ordered List of the Six Steps 131
A Detailed Look at Each of the Six Steps 132
Results That Are Highly Significant and Near Misses 152
A Few Cautions 154
Review Terms 159
The Best Items in the Companion Website 160
8
Effect Size, Power, CIs, and Bonferroni 161
The Seven-Step Version of Hypothesis Testing:Estimating
Effect Size 161
The Nine-Step Version of Hypothesis Testing:Power Analyses 165
Hypothesis Testing Using Confidence Intervals 172
Adjusting for an Inflated Type I Error Rate 174
A Few Cautions 179
Review Terms 182
The Best Items in the Companion Website 182