Reading Faces: Window To The Soul? (New Directions in Social Psychology)

288 Pages·1997·29.37 MB·English

by  Leslie Zebrowitz

Reading Faces
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New Directions in Social Psychology
Richard E. Nisbet d, Seris Edit.0~
Social psycholagy is moving in new directiclns as; tltc root question?;o f
culture, group stmcture, commtxnication, collective representations, md
societal conflict are being answered in innovative ways. The new social
pyy"hologyn ot ody employs the conceptuirl ar~dm etl-todologicd took of
social cognition but in, asking broader questions often drabvs on sociology;
political scienre, history, phiXosophy and anthropology. By using this in-
terdiscipiinary approach, socid psychologists are mapping out ways to
understand the roie groups play in hfluesrcing hdividual mjrids. NW
Directims in Social Psychology brings the best of this work together in an
effort to shape and adva~cteh ese emagh~gtr ex~ds.
Culfrrrc.o f l-ltrzctr: Tfite Psychology of Vi~krlzeein tile Sordth,
Rchard E, Nisbett and Dov Cohen
]tlstice, Liability, and Blame: Cornmzi~zz'fgV iezus and the Cri;minal brut
Pad H:. Rtibinso~a~nd John M. Darley
Cz*rltztralP sycholoCc~!f Africnlz Americmlzs, Jarnes M. Joncs
Cz*rltztrea tzd l~terprsonnMl orality, Jloan Mitler
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ie A. Zebrowitz
A Menlbea of the Perseus Books Group
~VewD irections in Social X3sychalogy
All ri&ts reserved. Printed in the Unitetl Shtes of Axrrrerica. No part of this pt~blicationm ay
be reprctduced or tra~~smineind a rry form or by arry means, electronic or mecl~anicali,n ctud-
ing photocctpjc rrecordi~xgo, r any inft>rlnatiorrS tomge and retrieval syqern, without permis-
sion in writing from the publisIxe1:
Copyl-ight O I997 by Westview Press, A Divisicm of HarpeKollins Publishers, Inc.
Publislned in 1997 in the Unitecl States of America by Weskiiew Press, 5501) Central Ave~xue,
Boulder, Colorado 80301-2877, and in the Urliteci Kingdom by Westview Press, 12 Hid's
Copse Road, Cttmnc,r HIII, Oxfarcl OX2 9JJ
Library of Congress Catalogi1xg-hx-Pt1blicatic>11D ata
Zebrowitz, Lestie A., 1944-
&&cling faces : wil~c.lrdowto the scxtl? I Lesfie A. Zebrowitz,
p. m. -----(Newd i rectic,ns in social, psychology)
Inclucies bibliographical references and ilzdex.
lSBM 0-8133-2746-4 fh~)-1.S BN 0-8133-2747-4
(pb)
1. Physiognomy. 2. Face-Social aspecb. 3. Inlerpcrsorral
attractirrn. I. Title. If. Sries.
BF859.Z43 1997
I3&clc21
The paper used in this publication meets tlne requirements of the Amet-icarx National 5tar1-
dard far Permane~xceof Paper for Prit~tecLl ibrary Materials 239.48-19M.
lllulst ralions ix
Preface xiii
Acknowlt.dgmenfs xv
1 Judging a Book by Its Caver
Facial Cues to Age, 15
Facial Cues to Sex, 17
Facial Cues to Ethnicity and Race, 18
Facial Cues to Identity, 22
Facial Cues to Emotion and Deception, 26
Facial Cues to Fitness, 31
Summary 39
3 The Bases of Reading Faces
What You See Is What You Get, 40
A Model of Appearance-Trait Relations, 51
Origins of Appearance-Based Trait Expectations, 5-4,
Overgeneralization Effects, 56
Summary, 63
4 A Baby's Face Is Disarming
Favorable Responses to Babies, 64
Key Stimuli Causing Favorable Respolases, 68
Seeing Babyfaces Mere 'There Are Na Babies, 78
Summary, 82
vii
viii C~flteffts
5 The Boons and the Banes of a Babyface
The Babyface Stereotype, M
The Social Outcomes of a Babyface, 95
Summary, 114
6 Analyzing Attractiveness
Cultural and Historical Variations in Standards of Beauty 116
Shared Standards of Beauty, 118
What Makes a Face Attractive and Why? 120
Summary, 139
7 The Advantages of Attractiveness
The Attractiveness Halo: What Is Beautiful Is Good, 140
Origin of the Attractiveness Halo, 144
Social Outcomes of the Attractiveness Halo, 147
Summary, 158
8 Formative Faces and Pulchritudinous Personalities
The Path from Early Appearance to Latex Traits, 162
The Path from Early Traits to Later Appearance, 180
Accuracy of Appearance Stereotypes, 185
Summary, 188
9 Phasing Out Face Effects
Perceiver Contributions to Face Effects, 191
Target Contributions to Face Effects, 197
Cultural Contributions to Face Effects, 207
Summary, 212
10 Unmasking the Face
Notes
Abouf the Book and Author
Index
1. l Fool irz Prc$lt.
1.2 Garfield
1.3 Fred Basset
1.4 Garfield
1.5 Daumier, T/ze Banker* French Types (D 263,1835)
1.6 MeG-cret, Ltss Rmufs (1927)
1.7 krmbrandt (IcA), Sey-PorCruil' (1661); Gaugzzim (right),
Sey-Portrait with Palette (1893-1894)
1.8 Leoz~ardod a Vhci, Mona Lisla (c. 1503-1505)
2.1 Sex differences in facial structure
2.2 The Billy Tip ton Trio
2.3 VXWSof the dolichocephalic head (top raw and b) and the
brachycephalic head (bottom row and a or d)
2.4 John F. Kennedy in childhood and adulthood (top);
Helen. Kelller in childhood and adulthood @attom)
2.5 Clockwise from upper left are three sisters, Sylvia Wanen,
Lisa Zebra, a ~Ldesl ie Zebrswitz, and an w~relatedf rie~~d,
Jsmn Montepare
2.6 Happiness, suvrise, and sadness
2.7 Left side oi the face dominates emtion perception by the
right;hmded
2.8 Spontaneous smile (left) and fake smile (right)
2.9 The fetal alcohol sy~~drome
2.10 Girdmo di Bemenuto, St. Caibftcl.itte ofSiei.zu Exmisi~tg
a Possessed Wornnlz (fifteen* cmkrrp)
2.11 Bedla~f~ro~m, A Rake's Progress by William Hogartl-r
(eighteenth century)
2.12 Louis Leopald Boilly Reztniof~o f Tlzirty--fiueD iverse Heads,
a colared lithograph from the first half' of the I7inetwnl-h
century
2.B The face in Oriental diaposis