Radiolaria: Siliceous Plankton through Time

137 Pages·2007·32.738 MB·English

by  Alexandre N. Bandini, Peter O. Baumgartner, Michèle Caron (auth.), Peter O. Baumgartner, Jonathan C. Aitchison, Patrick De Wever, Sarah-Jane Jackett (eds.)

Eclogae Geologicae Supplement 1:
Radiolaria
Helvetiae Siliceous Plankton through
Time
Swiss Journal of
Geosciences
Zeitschrift derI Revue de la
SchweizerischenGeologischenGesellschaftISocieteGeologiqueSuisse
SchweizerischenPaliiontologischenGesellschaftISocietePaleontologiqueSuisse
SchweizerischenFachgruppe ftirGeophysikI GroupementSuisse de Geophysique
SchweizerischenFachgruppe ftirSedimentologie (SwissSed)I GroupementSuisse de Sedimentologie (SwissSed)
SchweizerischenFachgruppe flirTektonik (Swiss TectonicStudies Group) I GroupementSuisse des Tectoniciens
(SwissTectonicStudies Group)
Contents
BAUMGARTNER,P.O. FENG,Q., MENG,Y.,HE,W.,Gu,S.:
Preface . .... SIll A newgenusofEntactiniidae(Radiolaria)from the UpperPer-
mian ofSouthChina S67
BANDINI,A.N.,BAUMGARTNER,P.O., CARON,M.:
Turonian Radiolarians from Karnezeika, Argolis Peninsula, HOLLIS,C.J.:
Peloponnesus(Greece) SI Radiolarianfaunalturnoverthroughthe Paleocene-Eocenetran-
sition,MeadStream,NewZealand S79
BECCARO,P.:
Radiolarian correlation of Jurassicsiliceous successions of the MARQUEZ,E.J.,AITCHISON,J.c.ZAMORAS,L. R.:
Rosso Ammonitico Formation in the Southern Alps and West- Upper Permian to Middle Jurassic radiolarian assemblages of
ernSicily(Italy) .............. S21 Busuangaand surroundingislands,Palawan,Philippines S101
DANELIAN,T.,LAHSINI,S.,DERAFELIS,M.: WANG,Y.-J.,Luo,H.,AITCHISON,J.C;
Upper Jurassic Radiolaria from the Vocontian basin of SE Influence of the Frasnian-Famennian event on radiolarian
France ............... S35 faunas S127
DEWEVER,P.,O'DOGHERTY.L.,GORICAN,S.: WONGANAN,N.,CARJDROIT,M.:
Theplankton turnoverat the Permo-Triassicboundary.empha- MiddletoUpperPermianradiolarianfaunasfrom chertblocksin
sison radiolarians............ S49 Paiarea,northwesternThailand S133
DOLVEN,J.K.,SKJERPEN,H.A.:
An onlinemicropaleontologydatabase:Radiolaria.org S63
0012-9402/06/01SIll-V Eclogae geol.Helv.99(2006)Supplement 1,SIIl-SV
001 1O.1007/s00015-006-0611-4
Birkhauser Verlag,Basel,2006
I
UNIL Universite de Lausanne
Radiolaria - Siliceous plankton through time
Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of the InternationalAssociation of Radiolarian Palaeontologists
INTERRAD X,held at the Universityof Lausanne,Switzerland,September2003
Preface
PETER 0. BAUMGARTNER
Radiolaria are a verydiverse marine siliceous microplankton obstacle to the elaboration of detailed biochronozones is the
group that have existedat least since the Cambrianto the Re discontinuous nature of the radiolarian record,due to spotty
cent. Fossil Radiolaria were known since the middle of the preservation. Biogenous,opalinesilicaisunstableinthe ocean
19thCenturyand studied bymanyscientistsat the turn of the and inthediageneticenvironment.Largeamountsofthe more
19th120thCentury, in part asaconsequence of the discoveries delicate radiolarian tests become dissolved already during
made in samples collected be the HMS Challenger expediti theirdescent inthe water columnand inthe bottomsediments
ons. Intense biostratigraphicradiolarian research was spurted (Takahashi & Honjo 1981). During early diagenesis, opaline
again in the early 1970's by the Deep Sea Drilling Project. silica dissolves and radiolarians become preserved either as
Biochronologic zonations based on samples recovered by castsofthe mould that leavesthe dissolved test, or as replace
Ocean Drilling were first proposed for the Tertiary(Riedel & ment by quartz, pyrite or other minerals. In Palaeozoic and
Sanfilippo 1978) and the Cretaceous (Foreman 1973, 1975). Mesozoic samples, usually only robust forms are preserved.
However,theradiolarites,chertyoceanicsedimentsassociated However, exceptionally well preserved samples from special
with ophiolites, had so far onlybeen studied in thin sections. diagenetic environments, such as Middle Jurassic manganese
Thischanged when radiolarian workers discovered the use of carbonate nodules (Yao 1997), or euxinic environments like
hydrofluoric acid to extract Radiolaria from chert and other theLate JurassicSolnhofen Limestone(ZtigeI1997,Dumitrica
siliceous rocks (Dumitrica 1970, Pessagno & Newport 1972) & Ztigel2002)showseveralhundred morphotypes,adiversity
The newmethodallowed towork on land samplesfrom moun that rivals with the diversity oflivingradiolarians. These sam
tain ranges that had undergoneburial diagenesisoreven meta ples teach us,that the average radiolarian assemblage extrac
morphosis. As a consequence, radiolarian biochronology was ted by harshchemical treatments from rocksisa poor residue
rapidlyextendedinto the Jurassic,Triassicand the Palaeozoic ofdissolution resistantforms.The consequence ofthisunavoi
(Pessagno 1977,Pessagnoet al.1979,Yao etal. 1980,Nakase dable fact is the discontinuous record of radiolarian ranges,
ko & Nishimura 1979, Holdsworth & Jones 1980). A major which greatly hampers biochronologic correlation. A major
InstitutdeGeologieetPaleontologie,UniversitedeLausanne,Anthropole.CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland.E-mail:[email protected]
Preface SIll
step in resolvingthis problemhas beenthe use ofthe Unitary essentially based on biochronologic ages and palaeobiogeo
Associations method (Guex 1977,1991). Already in early at graphicaffinities ofRadiolaria. Much work hasdealtwithradi
temptsfor aJurassic-Cretaceous radiolarian zonation (Baum olarianfaunal changes relatedto majorgeologic boundariesin
gartner et al. 1980),we realised that this method allows inte the Palaeozoic (Wang & Luo this volume), at the Permo
gration of the data on mutual co-occurrence of allconsidered Triassic boundary (DeWever et al. this volume), and in the
taxa from all studied sections, thus overcoming local gaps of Cenozoic (Hollis, this volume). Mesozoic radiolarian
preservation. Unitary Associations represent maximal sets of biochronologycontinuesto be improvedand bettercalibrated
co-occurring taxa that are put in a stratigraphic sequence by (Danelianthisvolume, Beccarothisvolume,Bandiniet al.this
their identification in all studied sections. Starting in 1984 volume).
(Baumgartner 1984a,b) computer programs (Guex and Da For a number of years, the radiolarian community iscon
vaud 1982) allowed the calculation of Unitary Associations cernedwith the developmentofdatabases. With the rapid de
from large datasets. The largestdataset sofar treatedwasthe velopment of computer technologies, databases have become
MRD database on MiddleJurassicto EarlyCretaceousradio more and more sophisticated and for the last few years only,
larians (Baumgartner et al. 1995). A radiolarian biozonation have become available online. There has been a common
including 22Unitary Association Zones for the MiddleJuras agreementamongradiolarianspecialists,thatRadiolaria.orgis
sic to Early Cretaceous interval was calculated with the Bio the portal that provides links to most radiolarian databases
graph software (Savary & Guex 1991).Today the majority of and hosts awealthofinformationon Radiolariaand radiolari
Mesozoic radiolarianbiozonationsare basedon UnitaryAsso an workers (Dolven,this volume).
ciations. An excellent example is presented in this volume
(Beccaro,thisvolume). A newsoftware,UA-Graph(Hammer
et al.2001)has beendeveloped.
REFERENCES
Datingpelagicsedimentsbyradiolarianbiochronologyhas
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pling and dating radiolarites started in the 1980's and is still
BAUMGARTNER,P.O.,BARTOLINI,A., CARTER,E., CONTI,M.,CORTESE,G.,
goingon.
DANELAIN, T., DUMITRICA-JUD, R., GORICAN, S., GUEX,J., HULL,D.,
Today,Radiolariaare an importantmicrofossil groupused KITo, N., MARCUCCI, M., MATSUOKA, A., MURCHEY, 8., O'DOGHERTY,
worldwide to date mostly basinal sediments of the entire L., SAVARY,J., VISHNEVSKAYA, V., WIDZ,D. & YAO,A. 1995:Middle
Phanerozoic. JurassictoEarlyCretaceousRadiolarianBiochronologyofTethysBased
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BAUMGARTNER, P.O., DEWEVER, P. & KOCHER, R. 1980: Correlation of
the modern ocean about 400known species occupy almost all
Tethyan LateJurassic Early Cretaceous radiolarian events. Cahiers de
ecologic niches from shallow water to the deep ocean. Many Micropal.eR.N.S.,1980/2,23-72.
species are endemicto certainwatermasses and can therefore CASEY,R.E.1971a:DistributionofpolycystineRadiolariainthe oceansinre
be used asoceanographictracers(Casey 1971a,b).The distrib lationtophysical andchemicalconditions.In:FUNNELL,8.M.,& RIEDEL,
W.R.(Eds.):TheMicropalaeontologyofOceans,Cambridge,UK: Cam
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from the world's oceans have been widely used to trace pale
CASEY,R.E.1971b:Radiolariansasindicatorsofpastandpresentwater-mass
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et al. 1997) as well as the major current systems, such as the
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This volume gives a representative view of research topics DUMITRICA, P. 1970:Cryptocephalicand cryptothoracic Nassellaria in some
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physiqueetGeographie(serieGeologie)14(1),45-124.
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PESSAGNO, E. A. & NEWPORT, R. L.1972:A technique for extractingRadio January1999.Deep-SeaResearch11,49,2823-2862.
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RIEDEL,W.R. & SANFILIPPO,A. 1978:Stratigraphyand evolutionoftropical Solnhofenarea (Southern FranconianAlb,southernGermany). Palaon
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Preface SV
0012-9402/06/01S0001-20 Eclogaegeol. Helv.99(2006)Supplement1,SI-S20
DOI 1O.1007/s00015-006-0605-2
Birkhauser Verlag,Basel,2006
Turonian Radiolarians from Karnezeika, Argolis Peninsula,
Peloponnesus (Greece)
ALEXANDRE N.BANDINI1,PETER 0. BAUMGARTNER1& MICHELE CARON2
Keywords:Mesozoic,UpperCretaceous,Turonian,Radiolaria,Foraminifera,Tethys,PelagonianZone,ArgolisPeninsula,Greece
ABSTRACT
NearKarnezeikaaroughly140mthickUpperCretaceoussectionconsistsof speciesaredescribedandfiguredinthiswork.The radiolarianchronostratig
interbeddedpelagiclimestones,chertsandcoarsepolymictbrecciasincluding raphyestablishedby10different authorsin11publications wascompared for
ophiolitesandshallowwater limestones.Atthebase,pinkpelagiclimestones thisstudyandusedtoestablish radiolarianranges.Thisexerciseshowsmajor
rest on deeplyalteredand fractured Lower JurassicPantokrator Limestone. discrepanciesbetweenauthorsfortheradiolarianrangesofthestudiedassem
This first pelagic facies is dated as middle Turonian, based on planktonic blage.Nevertheless,aTuronianagecanbestatedbasedonasynthesisofcited
Foraminifera.Over100mofcoarseophiolite-carbonatebreccias,interpreted radiolarian ranges.Thisage isconsistent withthe age based on planktonic
asachannelorcanyonfillinapelagicenvironment,document theerosionof foraminifera. In combining the ages of both Radiolaria and planktonic
the Late Jurassic nappe edifice along the Cretaceous Pelagonian margin. Foraminifera,thestudiedsamplescanberestrictedtothelateTuronian.How
Above these breccias,we mesured 16mofprincipallypink and red pelagic ever, the discrepancies of published radiolarian ranges call for an urgent,
limestonesandradiolariancherts,inwhichwerecoveredwell-preservedradi majorrevisionoftheLateCretaceousradiolarianbiochronology.Theintegra
olariansdiscussedhere.Inthisinterval.thepresenceofplanktonicForamin tion of planktonic foraminifera with radiolarians may greatly enhance
feraallowstostatealateTuroniantoConiacianage.Morethan40radiolarian biochronologicresolutioninsectionswherebothgroupsoccur.
Introduction
Relatively few studies exist of Upper Cretaceous Radiolaria ophiolite-carbonate breccias yielded well-preserved radiolari
from Greece, except for some occurences in the Pindos ans.Fromthesesamples41radiolarianspeciesbelongingto 18
Olonos zone (De Wever & Thiebault 1981; Thiebault et al. genera are describedand figured in this work. Overall, the as
1981;De Wever&Origlia-Devos1982;Neumann2003). In the semblage resembles those described by O'Dogherty (1994)
Hellenides, ongoing tectonic activity is reflected in a small from the lower Turonian. The radiolarian biostratigraphy es
scaled puzzle of shallow, detrital and pelagic facies in palaeo tablished bythe following 11publications (givenwith regions)
geographic realms such as the Pelagonian (Vrielynck 1981). was compared for this study: Dumitrica (1975, Romania),
Upper Cretaceous radiolarian occurrences are therefore re Foreman (1975,Pacific and 1977,Atlantic),O'Dogherty(1994,
stricted to timesof high silica producticityinpelagicpalaeoen ItalyandSpain),Pessagno (1976,California), Riedel&Sanfil
vironments.Oneofthe objectivesof thisstudy wastocompare ippo (1974, Composite),Sanfilippo & Riedel (1985, Compos
published radiolarian rangesgivenbydifferentauthorsfor the ite), Schaaf (1985, Composite), Taketani (1982, Japan),
Upper Cretaceous and to tryto establish an acceptable radio Thurow(1988,Atlantic),Vishnevskaya (2001,Russia).
larianageinspiteofthe differencesinradiolarianrangesgiven The presenceofabundant planktonicForaminiferaboth at
bythe variousauthors. the base of the studied Cretaceous section and immediately
For thispreliminaryworkwecollected 17samplesinatotal above the radiolarian samples allow the comparison between
of 140 m of section for the study of planktonic Foraminifera the ages determined by radiolarian and foraminiferal bios
and Radiolaria. 5 samples in a 2.6 m interval above coarse tratigraphy(Caron1985).
IInstitutdegeologieetdepaleontologie,Anthropole-Dorigny,UniversitedeLausanne,1015Lausanne,Switzerland.
Email:[email protected]@unil.ch
2Institutdegeologieetdepaleotonlogie,UniversitedeFribourg,Perolles,1700Fribourg,Switzerland.Email:[email protected]
TuronianRadiolariansfromKarnezeika SI
Neoautochtonous
~PeloponnesusIIQuatemary
L:::........=JConglomerate'-----Jalluvialdeposits
TertiaryUnits(Ermioni•Adheres)
AdheresUnit Interstratificationsof
pelagiclimestone
~
Akros PorosFormation
Nappe 4' • 4 EarlyTertiaryoverthrust
Dhidhlmi·TrapezonaCompositeUnit
ErmioniMesoauto- LigourionMesoauto-
chtonousSeries chtonousSeries
Ophiolites Imbricatesof
~ASkliPionNappe
deep ~ LateJurassicoverthrust
shallow~BasalSeries
---
deep ~1
shallow~BasalSeries
IILower
'-----JTertiaryflysch
Fig.I. Overview ofthetectono-stratigraphyoftheArgolis Peninsula.Basedon:Baumgartner(1985),Vrielynck (1981),Clift(Poros Island) andseveral unpub
lisheddiplomathesisUniversityofLausanne(Bandini2004;Giraud2005;Glassey2005).
GeologicalSetting shallow water limestones that document the ongoing erosion
of the Late Jurassic Pelagonian nappe edifice in a high-relief,
Inthe ArgolisPeninsula,theJurassicnappe edificeofthe east deepermarine environment.
ern Pelagonian margin is unconformably overlain by several
different Cretaceousseries (Vrielynck 1981).The studied sec
Stratigraphyandsedimentology
tion islocatedinthe Depression of Karnezeika-Stavropodhi,a
complexnappesyncline affected byneotectonicE-Wtrending Near Karnezeika a roughly 140m thick section consistsof in
subvertical faults (Fig. 1). The northern edge of this zone is terbeddedpelagiclimestones,chertsand boulderbrecciascon
built by Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Pantokrator Lime taining abundant ophiolite clasts along with boulders of the
stone (Fig. 2) belonging to the Basal Series of the Dhidhimi underlying Pantokrator Limestone (Fig.3). At the base, pink
Trapezona Composite Unit (Baumgartner 1985).These series pelagic limestones rest on deeply altered and fractured Pan
became overthrustduring the lateJurassicbynappes including tokratorLimestone.Over 100mofcoarseophiolite-carbonate
ophiolitesand then the areabecamedeeplyerodedduring lat brecciasrepresentachannel orcanyon fillinapelagicenviron
estJurassicand Early Cretaceoustimes. ment. Thefollowing16mare principally pink and red pelagic
UpperCretaceouspelagic andcoarseclasticsedimentsun limestones and radiolarian cherts, from which we recovered
conformablyoverlie the Pantokrator limestoneofthe basalse well-preserved radiolariansdescribed here.
ries and contain disorganised boulder breccias of basalts and The studied section rests conformably on the brecciasde-
S2 A.N.Bandini,P.O.Baumgartner& M.Caron
GEOLOGICALMAP
EAST OFKARNEZEIKA
o
1 0 2Km
QUATERNARYDEPOSITS
HHHt=1H
Indifferent
UPPERCRET.ALLOCHTHONOUSSERIES
~~~~
Limestones,marls,shallowwater&
pelagicbreccias
Turonian-Maastrichtian
Tertiary Overthrusts
DHIDHIMI·TRAPEZONACOMPOSITEUNIT
Flysch
UpperCretaceous·Paleocene
Pelagiclimestones&marls
Turonian-upperCampanian
OphioliteBreccias
Turonian-upperCampanian
MigdhalitsaOphioliteUnit
~ Serpentinites
<:Karnezeika ~
- - JurassicOverthrusts
BasalSequence
p O
~ PotamlFonmatlon
~ Kimmeridgian
~=_=_=_=~ DhlmalnaFonmatlon
-=;:-.;-:-=:;-:-=:;: Kommendglan
~ PantokratorLimestone
~ Norian·Lias
Fig.2. GeologicalMapoftheareaeastofKarnczeika(modifiedafterVernez1990)
scribed above. It is a 16 m thick alternation of marls and red believe that the differences result from locally inclompete
radiolarian cherts with detrital levels evolving progressively ranges of radiolarian taxa,eitherdue to plaeobiogeographicor
into a pelagic limestone rich in Globotruncanidae. Up section paleoecologicexclusions, or due to preservational (diagenetic)
follow 10 m of disorganised boulder breccias with a limestone biases. The only way to use these radiolarian zonations is to
interbed, which are in turn unconformablycovered by quater maximise the range of each taxon by stacking the "spartial"
narybreccias. rangesexpressedineachpublication.In principle,the bestway
of doing this is to create Unitary Associations (Guex
1977-1991: Baumgartner et al. 1980; Guex & Davaud 1982,
Radiolarian biochronology
1984;Baumgartner1984andSavary& Guex1991)in usingthe
Todaynostandardradiolarian biochronologyisavailablefor the occurrence data of well-defined taxa only, detached from the
LateCretaceous.However,severallocalandregional radiolarian chronostratigraphic calibrations (Baumgartner et al. 1995). In
zonationshave beenproposed inthe past(sec citationsabove). such a way,we can construct a range chartfor the Late Creta
Incomparingthe published rangechartsitbecomesevident ceousthat reflectsmaximalranges ofeachtaxonwith respectto
that thechronostratigraphicrange ofanygiventaxon proposed the maximal ranges of all other taxa.Thiswork isin progress,
bydifferent authorsshows major discrepancies for the studied but not completed(Jackettet a1.2002andDiserensetal.2003).
assemblage (Figs.4a-b-e--d)from one pubication to the other. For this paper the comparison of ranges is based on the
Thismaybedue touncertaintiesinthechronostratigraphiccal chronostratigraphic range of each taxon expessed byeach au
ibrationofradiolarianoccurrences.However, most radiolarian thor. We have simplystacked thesechronostratigraphicranges
zonations ofthe Late Cretaceous are rather well calibrated by to obtain a minimum and a maximum age for the existence of
means of plaktonic foraminifera and nannofossils. We rather each taxon. We are aware ofthe possible errors that mayarise
TuronianRadiolariansfrom Karnezeika S3
Stratigraphiclog oftheKarezeikasection,ArgolisPeninsula(Greece)
140m
130m L1imestone
Stratigraphiclogofthestudiedpart
oftheKarezelkasection,Argolls
120m Peninsula(Greece)
Quaternary
Debrisnow ..
110m 16m g!
Pinkpelagic ·"n'"
marls 15m
100m !iiil~~ ~:
CKAR'3" "0]
Pinkpelagic 14m ~ 8
marls j il
sorn AJ761350"E
~ - ~~
13m 2
:3' Progressivepassageof
chertstolimestones
6m
80m
..
Pinkpelagic 5m .~"
E
marls ~c
10m '0.
~
4m §
Bloksof j
limestone J '"
60m 3m ~ AAI177,3(332000°· s"
.~
2 ~
SOm 2m A172_190" "E0
Ophiolite-carb "E0
"0
onatebreccias 1m Al70_090" .~
""'71_0a0 "iii
40m AAl16689__007600" «!
Om
Serpentinites Oebrisflow
30m andbasalts •••RFaOdfiiIoIflfaiirriwafnerssamap~lelessccoonnssiiddeerfetldidfoforrthIhisisastutuddyy
Dolomiticbrecciasbloksofseveralmeters
Serpentinitesandbasalts
20m Dolomiticbrecciasbloksofseveralmeters
Ophiolite-carbonatebrecciaswitholistolithsof
10m
serpentinites
(KAR7"
~~~2"
Pinkpelagiclimestone
Om
AI13l Deeplyalteredandfractured PantokratorLimestone
Fig.3. Stratigraphic logof the Karnezeika sec
PantokratorLimestone tion.Theinsetatrightshowsthepelagicinterval
studied for radiolarians and planktonicforamin
ferawiththesamples.
usingthisprocedure.Weare, however,ingoodcompany,since forniaensis andAfensliriodes (havenot been citedfromearlier
thisprocedurewaspracticed inaseriesofpapers on Mesozoic than early Turonian), found together with Pseudoaulophacus
Radiolaria(e.g.De Wever et al.1986). putahensis (has not been cited from laterthan late Turonian).
Despite the major discrepancies between the ranges of Moreover, Dictyomitra urakawensis, Stichomitra communis
each author,aTuronianagecanbestatedusingthe procedure and Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala have not been
described above. This age ismainly based on the presence of cited from later than Coniacian, Crucel/a messinae have not
Patel/ula ecliptica, Patel/ula heroica, Praeconocaryomma cali- been citedfrom later than early Santonian(Fig.5).
S4 A.N.Bandini,P.O.Baumgartner& M.Caron
.-
Acaemotyferebel/is
O'OOGHERTY,1994
Acanthocircushueyi
(PESSAGNO,1976)
sensu O'DOGHERTY,1994
Acanthocircustympanum
O'OOGHERTY,1994 ?
Acanthoclrcusvenetus
(SQUINABOL,1914) ?
sensu O'OOGHERTY,1994
Afensllriodes
RIEOEL&SANFILIPPO,1974
Archaeocenosphaera(7)mellifera
O'OOGHERTY,1994
Cruce/facectiensis
PESSAGNO,1971
Fig.ua, SelectedTuronian-Santonianradiolarianrangesaccordingto10authorsascitedinthefigures.Notethemajordiscrepenciesbetweenauthors,
TuronianRadiolarians fromKarnezeika S5