Qarakhanid Roads to China A History of Sino-Turkic Relations

301 Pages·2022·5.936 MB·English

by  Dilnoza Duturaeva

Qarakhanid Roads to China
Handbook of Oriental Studies
Handbuch der Orientalistik
section eight
Uralic and Central Asian Studies
Edited by
Paolo Sartori
Sören Stark
David Brophy
volume 28
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho8
Qarakhanid Roads
to China
A History of Sino-Turkic Relations
By
Dilnoza Duturaeva
LEIDEN | BOSTON
This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license,
which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited.
Further information and the complete license text can be found at
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources
(indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further
permission from the respective copyright holder.
This book was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), since 2019 and was published open
access with the support of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, Düsseldorf.
Cover illustration: Qarakhanid Female Image on a Ceramic Fragment. Courtesy of Jambyl Region History
Museum, Kazakhstan.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at https://catalog.loc.gov
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060979
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060980
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
ISSN 0169-8524
ISBN 978-90-04-50852-1 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-51033-3 (e-book)
Copyright 2022 by Dilnoza Duturaeva. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink,
Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress.
Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
To my parents
∵

Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xii
Maps, Tables and Figures xvi
Abbreviations Used in the Tables xviii
Note on Transliterations and Measures xix
Introduction 1
1 The Qarakhanid World 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Notes on the Qarakhanid Image and Origin 12
3 The Qarakhanid Trade Partners in the West 18
3.1 The Volga Bulghars 19
3.2 The Ghaznavids 21
3.3 The Saljuqs 22
3.4 The Khwarazmshahs 24
4 The Qarakhanids and the East 25
4.1 Song China: Fundamental Transformation and Economic
Activism 25
4.2 Non-Han China: The Liao and the Western Xia 29
4.3 People in the Middle: Uyghurs and Tibetans 32
5 Conclusion 36
2 Between the Islamic World and Liao China 37
1 Introduction 37
2 Gifting between the Qarakhanids and the Islamic World:
The Ghaznavid Case 39
3 Gifting between the Qarakhanids and the Sinitic World:
The Liao Case 46
4 Conclusion 59
3 Envoys and Traders to Northern Song China 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Names for the Qarakhanids 61
3 The Image of the West in China 63
4 Envoys and Traders to Kaifeng 65
5 Women Envoys and Travelers 69
viii Contents
6 Official Communication 77
7 Diplomatic Gifts and Trade Commodities 81
8 Roads, Itineraries and Maps 84
9 Missions to Hangzhou? 91
10 Conclusion 95
4 Before China: Dunhuang, Turfan and Tibet 98
1 Introduction 98
2 Dunhuang 99
3 Turfan 104
4 Tibet 108
5 Conclusion 114
5 Qarakhanid Allies and China 115
1 Introduction 115
2 The Liao Envoy in Ghazna and the “Persians” from Northern India in
Kaifeng 116
2.1 Journey to Ghazna 116
2.2 Images of China in Central Asia 119
2.3 Journey to Kaifeng and What Was Bosi? 123
2.4 Bosi and Northern India 124
2.5 Other Chinese Historical Records about the Ghaznavids 129
3 Sultans and Rum: Saljuq Missions to Northern Song China 132
3.1 The Saljuq Empire in Chinese Sources 133
3.2 Envoys from Fulin: The Byzantines or the Saljuqs of Anatolia 144
4 The “Uyghurs” of Khwarzm: Records on the Khwarazmshahs 154
5 Conclusion 162
6 The Qarakhanid Silk Roads and Beyond 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Silk Road Symbols and Images 163
2.1 Hu Artists in Liao China 164
2.2 Hu Merchants in Song China 168
2.3 Song Coins along the Silk Road 176
3 The Amber Road and Migration of Culture 178
3.1 Baltic Amber in Central Asia 179
3.2 Baltic Amber in China 182
4 The Frankincense Road 189
Contents ix
5 The Qinghai Road: Tea and Horse Trade 197
5.1 The Tibetan Passage 197
5.2 Qarakhanid Tea and Horse Trade 198
6 Conclusion 203
Conclusion 205
Appendix 1: Records on the Qarakhanids in Song shi 211
Appendix 2: Documents on the Qarakhanid Diplomacy and Trade 217
Appendix 3: List of the Qarakhanid Missions to Song China 223
Appendix 4: Glossary of Chinese Characters 231
Bibliography 241
Index 267