Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary

3441 Pages·2007·16.75 MB·English

D A - I -E L A
NGHU DSOQIATION NDO UROPEAN ANGUAGE SSOCIATION

Proto-I ndo-European
Etymological Dictionary
A Revised Edition of Julius Pokorny’s
Indogermanisches Etymologisches
Wörterbuch

Indo-European Language Revival Association
2007
HT T P :// D NGHU.O R G/
An Etymological Dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European Language

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny’s "Indogermanisches
Etymologisches Wörterbuch"

Pokorny’s text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected),
except for some rearrangement of the Material.

Revised and Published by the Dnghu Association.
Scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings.
Further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky

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abhro- (*hebhro-)
English meaning: strong, mighty
Deutsche Übersetzung:’stark, heftig”
Note: The Root apelo- : ‘strength” seems related to Root abhro- (*hebhro-): ‘strong, mighty”
[the shift l > r].
Material: to M.Ir. Prefix abor-, Welsh afr- “ very much “; Goth. abrs “get strong, violent “,
adv. abraba “ very much “, bi-abrjan “ before were astonished beside oneself “, O.Ice. Prefix
afar- “ very much “; Illyr. VN Α῎βροι, Thrac. PN Α᾽βρο-.
Maybe Illyr. VN Α῎βροι, Thrac. PN Α᾽βρο- : Alb. (*Α῎βροι) afronj “bring close, squeeze”, afër
“near” similar to formations of Ltv. blaîzît ‘squeeze, clash, hit” : O.C.S. blizь, blizъ adv. “
nigh, near “ (lit. “ adjacent “).
Here maybe Goth. aba (n- stem) “ husband”.
Note: The root abhro- : ‘strong, mighty” is related to the cult of fertility hence the goddess of
love, beauty and sexual rapture “Αφροδίτη Aphrodite”. The name of Aphrodite derived from
Gk. ἀφρός ‘sea foam” + Σῑτα̃νες “titaness”. The name of Aphrodite is also related to Root
abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) and to Root ab- : (water, river) [see below].
In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture. According
to Hesiod, she was born when Uranus (the father of the gods) was castrated by his son
Cronus. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the ocean which began to churn and foam
about them. From the ἀφρός “aphros (‘sea foam")” arose Aphrodite, and the sea carried her
to either Cyprus or Cythera. Hence she is often referred to as Kypris and Cytherea.
The name of Aphrodite is related to PIE Root (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp;
water; clouds) O.Ind. abhrá- m. (<m̥bhros), Av. awra- n.
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abh-
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abh- (*hebh-)
English meaning: quick, abrupt
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rasch, heftig”
Note: alter r/n- stem
Material: Gk. ἄφαρ “ straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently “ (old abstract noun
“quickness”), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως ‘suddenly”.
Here at most O.C.S. abьje “ straight away, directly “, but uncertainly O.Ind. ahnüya “
directly, straight away, instantly, speedily “ (rather to áhar, áhan- “day “ p. 7).
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abhro-
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abō(n) (*hebō-)
English meaning: ape, *water demon
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Affe”
Note: (Celt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been
named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).
Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (acc. pl.) to read and
still before the consonatic mutation in Gmc. stubby; hence, in. api m. “ Monkey, gate “, O.S.
apo, O.H.G. affo m., affa, affin f., O.E. apa m. “Monkey”, O.Cz. opice comes aRuss. opica
from the Gmc.
References: WP. I 51 f.
See also: compare ab-”water” and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.
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ab-
English meaning: water, river
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wasser, Fluß”
Note: From Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü), ēkʷ- : “water, river” [through the shift -gʷ- > -b-,
-kʷ- > -p- attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root ab- : (water, river)
and Root ü̆p-2 : “water, river”.
Material: Lat. amnis f., late m. c (< abnis); O.Ir. ab (< aba) gen. abae “river”, besides abann,
Welsh afon, orn. Bret. auon, Gaul. Brit. FlN Abona, derived Welsh afanc “ beaver, water
demon, dwarf “, to M.Ir. abac (< abankos) “ beaver, dwarf “, Swiss-Fr. avañ “pasture” (<
abanko-); Ltv. FlN Abava.
The West German FlN in -apa, Ger.-affa, probably go back partly to usually lost
WestGmc. ap-(IE < ab-), partly in Ven.-Illyr. ap- (IE ap-).
Rom. apů “water”
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.
See also: compare also üp̆ -2 “water, river” and abō(n) “ape”.
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ades-, ados- (*heĝh-)
English meaning: sort of cereal
Deutsche Übersetzung: „Getreideart, Spelt”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: Lat. ador, -ō̆ris n. „a kind of grain, spelt”, maybe in Goth. atisk (*ades-ko-) ‘sowing
field”, probably m. as O.H.G. ezzisca pl. ‘sowing”, M.H.G. dial. Esch, Swiss dial. Aesch, “
field entrance of a village “; Toch. AB üti “ grass “ [B atiyo (f.pl.) “grass” (Adams 9)]
(differently Pedersen Toch. 641). about Gk. ἀθήρ “ an ear of corn “ see under andh-.
Perhaps Arm.hat “grain”, Hitt. hattar n. “cereal”.
Note: It seems Root ades-, ados- : ‘sort of cereal” evolved from an older root *heĝh- “ a kind
of grain “. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in Gmc. branch Gmc. *at-isk-a-,
while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old
laryngeal (Centum ḫ- > a-, e- : Satem ḫ- > s- ) was lost except in Hitt. and Arm. Clearly
Gmc. tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced Lat. (*hattar-) adŏris > Gmc. *at-isk-a-.
Finally zero grade in Alb. (< adō̆ris) *dris, drizë “thorny plant”, (< dris) drithë “grain” where
the Lat. -is ending has been solidified.
The surprise is the phonetic mutation -ĝh- > -d- found only in Av. - Illyr.- Balt languages.
References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.
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ad-1 (*hed-)
English meaning: to, by, at
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zu, bei, an”
Material: Phryg. αδ-δακετ “ he does “; Maced. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gk. I 69); Lat. ad “ to,
with, in “, preverb and preposition m. acc., also gen. atque, ac “ and in addition, and also,
and “ (*ad-que; not at + que; also Umbr. ap “ in which place, in what place, where, when,
after, since, although “ chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), Umbr. ař- preverb, -ař ̌
postposition m. acc., Osc. adpúd “ as far as “, otherwise with s- extension Osc. az “ to,
toward “ preposition m. Akk .; O.Ir. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glüdur “call upon, appeal to “),
Welsh add-, Gaul. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: Welsh addiant “longing”, Admürus: O.Ir.
már “large “); Welsh â, with vowel ag “with” (ad + ĝhe, O.Ind. ha, not = Lat. atque “and, as
well as, together with”); Gmc. *at preverb and preposition mostly with “dative” = loc., rare m.
acc. (Goth. WestGmc. from the time, O.E. also from the place), O.Ice. also with gen.: Goth.
at “ to, by “, O.Ice. at “ to, by, against, after “, O.E. æt, O.S. at, O.H.G. az “ to, by, in “.
zero grade: ved. t-sárati “ creeps, creeps up “, O.H.G. zagēn (: Goth. *-agan “fear”),
O.H.G. z-ougen, M.H.G. zōugen, O.S. t-ōgian compared with Goth. at-augjan “ with raised
up eyes, point, show “.
References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.
See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
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