Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2003 - 2004: Vol 46 Index

13 Pages·2.4 MB·English

AUTHOR INDEX*
Achenbach, S., 185 Grundy, S.M., 115 Marmur, J.D., 506
Alpert, J.S., 379 Guo, H., 487 Metz, L., 1
Amsterdam, E.A., 377, 438 Gutterman, D.D., 349 Mosca, L., 287
Bello, N., 287 Haller, C., 271 Newby, L.K., 404
Benowitz, N.L., 91 Halligan, S., 453
Berger, J.S., 297 Hecht, H.S., 113, 149 Olshansky, B., 487
Berman, D.S., 171 Hoffman, U., 185
Blomkalns, A.L., 393 Hsue, P.Y., 524 Peacock, W.F., 465
Brady, TJ., 185 Petitti, D., 231
Brown, D.L., 197, 297
James, T.N., 539 Raggi, P., 171
Budoff, M.J., 135
Jesse, R.L., 417
Burke, A., 79 Redberg, R.F., 239
Burns, D.M., 11 Roberts, C.S., 417
Kamineni, R., 379
Rumberger, J.A., 123
Kass, R.S., 259
Callister, T.Q., 171 Keim, M., 271 Saigo, M., 524
Cavusoglu, E., 506 Kerber, R., 487 Shaw, L.J., 171, 239
Clancy, C.E., 259
Kirk, J.D., 377, 438 Steinbaum, S.R., 321
Clark, L.T., 506
Kokolis, S., 506 Steptoe, A., 337
Konidala, S., 349 Strike, P.C., 337
Diercks, D.B., 438 Kontos, M.C., 417
Turnipseed, S.D., 438
Ferencik, M., 185 Lansky, A.J., 305
FitzGerald, G.A., 79 Law, M.R., 31 Wald, NJ., 31
Lerman, A., 453 Waters, D.D., 1, 524
Gibler, W.B., 393 Lewis, W.R., 438 Wenger, N.K., 199
Glaaser, I.W., 259 Lightwood,J. , 39 Wicky, S., 185
SUBJECT INDEX*
ACB test (Albumin Cobalt Binding test), 410 Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (Continued )
ACC/AHA guidelines, 385, 492-493 identification, guidelines for, 382
Accelerated diagnostic protocol, for chest pain, 438, immediate exercise testing in, 449-450
440, 441, 442 integration of new methods into systemic pathways,
ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme in- 429
hibitors management of smokers with, 1-7
ACS. See Acute coronary syndromes Medical College of Virginia CPC Protocol, 393, 394,
Activated clotting time (ACT), 508 396, 429-431
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 508 missing, reducing probability for, 417
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) nomenclature, 380
clinical presentation, 380-381 pathogenesis of, 379-380
critical pathways, 382-386 pathophysiology, 418-419
definition of, 379 physical examination, 381-382
detection, improvement of, 424-429 prevention, 420
evaluation/treatment algorithm, 383 risk modification, 432
history of, 381 risk stratification, 406-408
*July/August (2003), pp. 1-112; September/October (2003), pp. 113-196; November/December (2003), pp. 197-286; January/
February (2004), pp. 287-376; March/April (2004), pp. 377-486; May/June (2004), pp. 487-586.
573
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 46, No. 6, (May/June) 2004: pp 573-585
574 SUBJECT INDEX
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (Continued ) Anticoagulation. See also specific anticoagulants
severity of, 419 after catheter ablation, +94
thrombus formation and, 531-532 antiarrhythmic drugs and, 498
treatment strategies, 408-409 for atrial fibrillation, 487-489, 500
in women, 207-209 for atrial fibrillation risk reduction, 492-493
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Register discontinuing following cardioversion, 499
(ADHERE), 475-476 during/after cardioversion, 488-489
Acute myocardial infarction. See Myocardial infarction fractionated heparin, 495-496
ACUTE trial, 497-498 for heart failure, 480
ACUTE II trial, 495-496 levels, for cardioversion, 494-495
ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Na- for postcardioversion thromboembolism, 488-489,
tional Register), 475-476 490
AFCAPS/TexCAPS study, 151 therapeutic monitoring of, 508-509
Agatston calcium scoring method, 131-132 unfractionated heparin, 495
Age warfarin, 495
coronary artery calcium and, 123-124 Anti-factor Xa, 509
at menopause, CHD risk in women and, 204 Antioxidant capacity, as oxidative stress marker, 81
myocardial infarction in women and, 209-210 Antioxidant levels, in smokers, oxidative stress and,
of smokers, relative risk and, 16-17 83-85
tobacco-related disease risk and, 14 Aortic aneurysm, smoking and, 20-21
Albumin Cobalt Binding test (ACB test), 410 Apoptosis, 467
Aldosterone antagonists, for heart failure, 479-480 aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), 508
American Cancer Society, prospective mortality stud- Argatroban
ies, 18 binding characteristics, 510
American College of Cardiologists/American Heart As- clinical trials, 517-518
sociation guidelines, 385, 492-493 univalent binding of, 511-512
Americn Stop Smoking Intervention Study, 55 Arg353Gln genotype, 527
AMI. See Myocardial infarction Arrhythmias
Amyloidosis, 457-458 drug interventions, 266
Angina pectoris Long-QT syndrome. See Long QT syndrome
in acute coronary syndrome, 380 modifier genes, 266-267
cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex and, mutations/polymorphisms, 266
358-560 sinus bradycardia, 556
gender differences in, 239 ventricular, heart failure and, 480
intertruncal plexectomy for, 560-562 Arrythmias. See also Atrial fibrillation
in women, 207 atrial flutter, 493-494
Angiogenesis, 99 Aspirin, MI risk reduction in women, 213
Angiography. See also Electron beam tomography; Mul- Atherosclerosis
tidetector computed tomography burden, risk assessment and, 117
gender differences in, 212 coronary artery calcium and, 123-124, 136-138
invasive vs. noninvasive, 185 high-risk patients, 115
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhib- invasive testing, plaque imaging and, 119
itors) low-risk patients, unnecessary testing of, 119
fibrinolytic system and, 530-531 plaque. See Plaque
for heart failure, 273 renal artery stenosis and, 271, 272
mortality reduction after MI in women and, 213 screening, for asymptomatic patients, 173-174
for renal artery stenosis, 277 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 2
Angiotensin II type | receptor antagonists, 531 smoking and, 12-13
Animal studies, enviromental tobacco smoke-IHD rela- Atrial fibrillation
tionship and, 37 anticoagulation for, 487-488, 500
Ankyrin B mutations, LQT4 and, 263 cardioversion for, 487, 488
Anti-arrhythmic drugs implantable cardioverter defibrillators for, 499
anticoagulation and, 498 in pregnancy, 498-499
heart failure and, 480 thrombus formation in, 489-491
SUBJECT INDEX 575
Atrial fibrillation (Continued ) Cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram and, 259-260
with underlying risk factors, thromboembolism and, Cardiac excitation, and relaxation, 259
492 Cardiac imaging. See also specific imaging methods
withholding of anticoagulation before cardioversion, for CAD diagnosis in women, 243-246
493 for prognosis assessments, 246-248
Atrial flutter Cardiac markers. See also specific cardiac markers
cardioversion of, 493-494 chronicity and, 419
catheter ablation, anticoagulation after, 494 context, 419-420
Atrial stunning, 489 protocols, 397
Australial Cancer Action in Rural Towns (Australian severity of ACS and, 419
CART), 56 symptom onset to time of patient presentation and,
Autonomic nervous system, afferent and efferent path- 397
ways, 356-558 timing of test and, 419
Autonomic storms, 562-563 Cardiac rehabilitation, gender differences in, 212-213
Azotemic renovascular disease, 274 Cardiac transplantation, intertruncal plexus during,
568-570
BARI trial, 219 Cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex (CHC), 549,
BAT (Bivalirudin Angioplasty Trial), 516 552-555
BELLES trial, 158 afferent and efferent autonomic neural pathways and,
B-blockers 556-558
for heart failure, 479 angina pectoris and, 558-560
myocardial infarction in women and, 213 de subitaneis mortibus, 563-564
Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT), 105 long QT syndrome and, 564-557
Bias, in epidemiological studies, 35, 37, 232-233 platelet aggregation and, 567-568
Biochemical cardiac markers. See also specific cardiac regional blood flow during, 555-556
markers serotonin and, 568
for acute coronary syndromes, 388-389 Cardiomyopathy, 457, 570
in chest pain evaluation, 423-424 Cardiovascular disease (CVD). See also specific cardio-
Bivalirudin vascular diseases
binding characteristics, 510 cost of, 41-42
comparative PCI trials, 516-517 hemostatic factors and, 532
for PCI, 519, 520 new-onset, primary prevention of, 115
pharmacodynamics, 510-511 oxidative stress and, 81-83
thrombin inhibition, 510 smoking-induced. See Smoking-induced cardiovas-
Bivalirudin Angioplasty Trial (BAT), 516 cular disease
Blood pressure control, renal artery intervention for, 281 Cardiovascular Health Study, 526
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), 412 Cardioversion
Brain natriuretic peptide, 471-473 alternative therapies for reduction of thromboem-
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 412, 472-473 bolic risk, 495-497
Brigham and Woman's Hospital protocol, 397 anticoagulation during/after, 488-489, 500
Brugada syndrome, 264, 265, 266 anticoagulation levels for, 494-495
Bupropion, for smoking cessation therapy, 105, 106 for atrial fibrillation, 487
for atrial flutter, 493-494
CABRI, 207 benefits of, 488
CAC. See Coronary artery calcium discontinuing anticoagulation, 499
CACHET B/C, 516-517 outpatient vs. inpatient, 493
Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Heart Disease in pregnancy, 498-499
Studies, 525, 527, 528 TEE-guided, 497-498
Calcium channel blockers, heart failure and, 480 types of, thromboembolism risk and, 491-492
Calcium scoring. See Coronary artery calcium withholding anticoagulation before, 493
California, Proposition 99 smoking control program, Catheter ablation, anticoagulation after, 494
68-69 CD11b, 82
CAPTURE, 408 CD40 ligand, 411, 532
Carbon monoxide, in smokers, 95-96 CEA. See Cost-effectiveness analysis
Cardiac conduction disorders, 264, 266 Cerivastatin, 531
576 SUBJECT INDEX
CFR (coronary flow reserve), 455 Confounding factors
CHC. See Cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex in BNP assay, 471-472
CHD. See Coronary heart disease environmental tobacco smoke-IHD relationship
CHECKMATE, 400, 406, 407 studies, 35, 37
Chest pain. See also Angina pectoris environmental tobacco smoke-ischemic heart dis-
accelerated diagnostic protocol for, 438, 440, 441, ease relationship and, 35
in epidemiological studies, 233
442
diagnosis, 458 COPD, age-specific excess death rates of smokers, 14
emergency room presentation of, 438, 439 Coronary artery
etiology of, 453-460 anatomy, in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 2
exercise testing for ED patients, 440, 442 blood flow. See Coronary blood flow
gender differences in, 239, 240 calcification. See Coronary artery calcium
nonepicardial/nonmicrovascular causes, 459-460 vasoconstriction, smoking and, 97
Coronary artery bypass surgery
nonobstructive coronary artery disease with, 453
prevalence/incidence of, 453 outcomes, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 6
recognition of low clinical risk, 438-439 postoperative thromboembolism risk, 499
subacute, 432 for women, 217, 218-220
systematic evaluation approach for, 429-431 Coronary artery calcium (CAC)
Agatston scoring method, 131-132
Chest pain centers (CPCs)
atherosclerosis and, 123-124, 136-138
advantages of, 439-440
for diagnosing CHD in women, 207
cost effectiveness of, 400-401
electron beam computed tomography of, 124-125,
diagnostic strategies, 417-418, 432-434
127-128
early exercise testing in, 442-447
incidence by age, 123-124
efficacy, 397-400
lipid-lowering therapy and, 159-167
implementation of, 393-397
MDCT of, 125-126, 127-128
models for, 394, 395, 396-397
in myocardial injury detection, 427-428
number of, 377
prediction of events in asymptomatic patients, 139—-
rationale for, 377-378, 393
143
risk stratification for, 378
quantification by computed tomography, 124
Chest x-ray, in heart failure, 469
reproducibility of, 129-131
Chief cells, 545
with risk factor assessment, 117-118
Cholesterol. See also Hypercholesterolemia
slice thickness, effect on scoring, 132-133
high-density. See High-density lipoprotein
Coronary artery disease. See Coronary heart disease
low-density. See Low-density lipoprotein Coronary Artery Surgery Study, 239
reduction, hemostasis and, 531-532
Coronary blood flow (CBF)
Cigarettes, low-tar, CHD risk and, 19
calculation of, 458
Cigarette smoke
during cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex, 555—-
constituents contributing to cardiovascular disease,
556
94-96 smoking and, 96-98
passive exposure. See Environmental tobacco smoke
Coronary Drug Project, 232
Cigarette smoking. See Smoking Coronary flow reserve (CFR), 455
Cigar smoking, 22 Coronary heart disease (CHD)
CK-MB. See Creatine kinase-MB asymptomatic, prediction of events in, 139-143
CK-MB protein concentration (CK-MB mass), 423 cost of, 41-42
Clopidogrel, 214 diagnostic reasoning, 241
Coagulation factors, 526-528. See also specific coagula- epidemiology of, 200-201, 287-292
tion factors gender differences in, 231-232
cascade, 524, 525 low-tar cigarettes and, 19
endothelium-dependent, 529-532 probability, assessment of, 239-240
in fibrinolytic system, 528-529 risk, cigarettes per day and, 14-15
in vascular disease, 524, 526 risk, for women, 199-200
Computed tomography. See also Electron beam tomog- symptomatic, EBT as diagnostic tool for, 137-138
raphy; Multidetector computed tomography in women. See Women, with coronary heart disease
quantification of coronary artery calcium, 124 Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model, 41-42
SUBJECT INDEX
Coronary Revascularization Using Integrelin and Single Death rates, for CHD, trends over time, 18
Bolus Enoxaparin (CRUISE), 513 Deep vein thrombosis, prevention, 480
Cost Depression, CHD risk in women and, 204
of cardiovascular diseases, 41-42 Desirudin, 510
current dollar, 41 Diabetes mellitus
definition of, 39-40 CHD risk in women and, 201-202
incidence-based or longitudinal, 40 smoking and, 101
of plaque imaging, 119 Diagnosis, of CAD in women, 205-207
prevalence-based estimates, for smoking, 42-46 cardiac imaging for, 243-246
time horizon for, 40-41 cost-effectiveness analysis for, 252-253
Cost-benefit, of smoking cessation therapy, 106-107 electron beam tomography for, 248-249
Cost effectiveness. See also Cost-effectiveness analysis MRI for, 249-250
of chest pain centers, 400-401 nonimaging tests, 241-243
definition of, 174, 176, 252 probability determinations, 239-241
diagnostic tests and, 176 recommendations for, 253-254
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) senstivity/specificity of, 241
for CAD diagnosis in women, 252-253 Diagnostic related group (DRG), 466
community-based smoking control programs, 57 Diagnostic testing. See also specific diagnostic tests
for electron beam tomography, 178-179 for coronary heart disease in women. See Diagnosis,
focused, 178-179 of CAD in women
of individual smoking cessation programs, 58-66 cost-savings models, 251
influencing factors, 178 noninvasive, economic efficiency of, 251-253
intermediate, 179 Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 276
intermediate outcome measures for, 176-178 Digoxin, for heart failure, 479
long-term, 180 Direct thrombin inhibitors
method for, 172 binding characteristics, 509-510
of plaque imaging for asymptomatic patients, 173-174 univalent vs. bivalent, 512-513
in shaping health care policy decisions, 180-182 Diuretics, for heart failure, 478-479
of smoking control policies, 51-52 DNA modification, markers of, 80-81
Cost-efficiency, of diagnostic testing methods, 251 Dose-response relationship, between ischemic heart
Cost of cardiovascular disease, and passive smoking, disease and smoking, 33-34
49-50 DRASTIC (Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention
CPCs. See Chest pain centers Cooperative Study), 277
C-reactive protein (CRP) DRG (diagnostic related group), 466
CHD risk and, 203-204, 205, 412 Drug therapy. See also specific drug therapies
chronicicity and, 419 smoking and, 105
in endothelial dysfunction, 456 DSA (digital subtraction angiography), 276
myocardial infarction and, 411 Duke Treadmill Score, 206
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) Duplex ultrasonography, for renal artery stenosis diag-
in ACS risk stratification, 406-408 nosis, 275-276
limitations as marker, 388-389, 404 Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Cooperative
myocardial necrosis and, 397, 404, 405 Study (DRASTIC), 277
for risk stratification, 397-398
serial analysis, 398
EBCT. See Electron beam tomography
Critical pathways, STEMI or new LBBB, 382-383, 384
EBT. See Electron beam tomography
CRUISE (Coronary Revascularization Using Integrelin
ECAT study, 530
and Single Bolus Enoxaparin), 513
ECG. See Electrocardiogram
CVD. See Cardiovascular disease
CYPIA1, 102 Echocardiography, for myocardial injury detection,
426-427
Cyproheptadine, 555-556
Economic analysis
of smoking control policies, 50-53
Dalteparin, 513-514 of state-sponsored smoking control programs, 54-55
DC shock cardioversion, thromboembolism risk and, types of, 50-53
491-492 of workplace/public area smoking restrictions, 54
D-dimer, 529 of youth-access smoking control policies, 55-56
578 SUBJECT INDEX
Ejection fraction (EF), in heart failure, 467, 468, 469-470 Environmental tobacco smoke
Electrocardiogram (ECG) cardiovascular disease and, 92
in ACS evaluation, 406, 429-431, 433 cardiovascular morbidity, oxidative stress and, 83
cardiac cycle and, 259-260 cost of cardiovascular disease and, 49-50
for diagnosing CHD in women, 206, 253 and ischemic heart disease, 35-37
for ED patients with chest pain, 438-439 ischemic heart disease and, 31-32, 34
in inflammation, 411 mechanism of effect, 35-36
in ischemia, 410 EPAT (Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
of myocardial injury, 404 Trial), 234, 235
in primary risk stratification, +22 Epicardial coronary spasm, 454
for risk stratification, 386-388 Epidemiology. See also specific epidemiological studies
Electron beam tomography (EBT) of CHD in women, 287-292
accuracy/sensitivity of, 187-189 of coronary heart disease, 200-201
calcium scoring, reproducibility of, 129-131 studies, bias and confounding factors in, 232-233
clinical applications, 191-193 EPISTENT, 514-515
cost-effeocf, t14i4,v 1e78n-1e79s, s25 1 ERA (Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis Trial),
data acquisition, 186-187 235-237
description of, 130, 136-137 ERASE (Emergency Room Assessment of Sestamibi for
for diagnosis of CAD in women, 248-249 Evaluating Chest Pain), 425-426
as diagnostic tool in symptomatic persons, 137-138 E-selectin, 410-411
imaging speed/temporal resolution, 127-128 ESPRIT (Oestrogen in the Prevention of Reinfarction),
234, 235
limitations of, 144
methodology, 186 Estrogen therapy
patient preparation, 186-187 for men, CHD mortality/morbidity and, 232
plaque imaging, 150 metabolic effects of, 233, 234
prediction of events in asymptomatic patients, 139-143 in women, coronary heart disease risk and, 231
for prognostication, 138, 144-145 Ethnicity
radiation exposure from, 129 CHD risk in women and, 204-205
of smokers, CHD risk and, 18
reproducibility of results, 143-144
Exercise echocardiography, for diagnosing CHD in
signal vs. noise, 128-129
women, 206-207
slice thickannd,e 13s1-s13 2
Exercise radionuclide testing, for diagnosing CHD in
of suspected ACS, 427-428
women, 206
technical aspects, 124-125
Exercise treadmill testing
variability/calibration of, 126
in accelerated diagnostic protocol for chest pain, 440,
Emergency department observation unit. See Observa-
tion unit 442
cost of, 251
Emergency department patients
for diagnosing CHD in women, 206
with chest pain, early exercise testing, initial studies
diagnosis of CAD in women, 241-243
of, 442-444
early, initial studies of, 442-444
early heart failure treatment in, 475-481
immediate, 447-450
evaluation of heart failure, 474-475
heart failure in, 465-466
management of heart failure in, 469-470 Factor VII, 527, 531
Emergency Room Assessment of Sestamibi for Evaluat- Factor VIII, 527
ing Chest Pain (ERASE), 425-426 Factor IX, 527-528
Endothelial dysfunction Factor XI, 527-528
nitric oxide bioavailability and, 525 Factor XII, 527-528
smoking and, 82-83, 98-99 Fibrin, soluble, 528
thromboembolic risk and, 491 Fibrinogen, 526-527
treatment options, 455-456 increased, 532
Endothelium-dependent coagulation factors, 529-532 increases, smoking and, 103
Enhanced pain perception, 460 smoking and, 82
eNOS, 103 Fibrinolysis
Enoxaparin, 495-496, 514-516 cascade, 525, 528-529
Enoxaprin test card, 508-509 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and, 530-531
SUBJECT INDEX
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 271-273 Heart failure (Continued )
FLASIEC, 494 observation codes for, 466-467
Fluvastatin, 531 presentation of, 468-470
FMD (fibromuscular dysplasia), 271-273 with preserved systolic function, 467-468
Focal fibromuscular dysplasia, 546 prognosis, brain natriuretic peptide and, 472
Fractionated heparin, anticoagulation, 495-496 right-sided, 468
Framingham Heart Study, 135, 200-201 Heart Progestin/Estrogen Replacement Study (HERS),
FRISC, 408 231, 233, 234, 235
FRISC II, 208-209, 411 Heart Protection Study (HPS), 150, 203
Functional angiogram, 458-459 Heart rate elevation, in smokers, 94-95
Helsinki Heart Study, 153
Gastrointestinal disorders, causing chest pain, 459-460 Hemodynamic effects, of smoking, 96-98
Gated SPECT imaging Hemostatic system
diagnosis of CAD in women, 243-245 coagulation/fibrinolytic cascade, 524, 525
prognostic value of, 247-248 in vascular disease, 524, 526
Gemfibrozil, 531 Heparin. See Low-molecular-weight heparins; Unfrac-
Genetic determinants, of smoking-induced cardiovas- tionated heparin
cular disease, 102-104 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 509
GISSI-1, 211 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
GISSI-2, 4 syndrome (HITTS), 509
GISSI-3, 213-214 HERG-blocking drugs, 262-263
Glomerular filtration rate, in renal artery stenosis, 274 HERS (Heart Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study),
Glycoprotein Ib/IIla drugs, 214 231, 233, 234, 235
GUSTO-I, 2, 3, 210, 405-406 High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
GUSTO-II, 399 CHD risk in women and, 203
GUSTO-Ila, 407 plaque imaging and, 150-153
GUSTO-IIb, 208 smoking and, 101-102
GUSTO-III, 210 Hirudin (lepirudin), 510, 511, 517
GUSTO-IV, 407, 413 History, primary risk stratification and, 422
HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), 509
HATS trial, 153 HITTS (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and throm-
HDL. See High-density lipoprotein bosis syndrome), 509
Health care cost increases, 171 Homocysteine
CHD risk in women and, 205
Health care policy decision-making, cost-effectiveness
analysis for, 180-182 plaque imaging and, 150-153
Heart, wall motion, assessment of, 250 Hormone replacement therapy, coronary heart disease
Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study and
(HERS), 201, 203-204, 214-215 CHD prevention and, 214-215
Heart ER strategy, 393, 394, 396 Coronary Drug Project and, 232
Heart failure epidemiological studies, bias and confounding vari-
anatomic pathophysiology of, 467-468 ables in, 232-233
decompensation, causes of, 475 HERS findings and, 231
diagnoisis, by brain natriuretic peptide, +72 randomized trials, 233-237
diastolic, 468 Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG), 262
differential diagnosis, +74 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 80-81
early emergency department treatment, 475-481 Hypercholesterolemia
economics of, 466 inflammation and, 527
emergency department evaluation of, 474-475 oxidative stress and, 81
emergency department management of, 469-470 Hypercoagulable state
in emergency department patients, 465-466 after cardioversion, 489-490
epidemiology of, 465-466 smoking and, 3, 99-100, 105-106
etiologies of, 468 Hyperlipidemia, CHD risk in women and, 203-204
left-sided, 468 Hypertension
neurohormones in, 470-473 CHD risk in women and, 202
N-terminal pro-BNP and, 473-474 chest pain in, 456-457
580 SUBJECT INDEX
ICAM-1, 410-411 Ischemic heart disease (Continued )
ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillators), 499 passive smoking and, 49-50
Ix» 262-263 platelet aggregation and, 526
Ico, 261, 262 Ischemic nephropathy, 274
IMA (Ischemia Modified Albumin), +28
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), 499 Jervell and Lange-Nielson form of LQTS, 261
IMT (intimal medial thickness), 20
KCNE1 mutations, 261, 263-264
Incidence-based estimates, of smoking attributable
costs, 48-49 KCNJ2 mutations, 264
KCNQI1 mutations, 261
Indirect thrombin inhibitors, for percutaneous coro-
Kidney function, percutaneous renal revascularization
nary intervention, 506-509
and, 281-282
Infarct lcocation, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 2
Inflammation
LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein
hypercholesterolemia and, 527
Left ventricular hypertrophy, CHD risk in women and,
of intertruncal plexus, 546
205
markers of, 410-412
Length of stay, for heart failure, 466
smoking and, 100-101
Lepirudin (hirudin), 510, 511, 517
Insulin resistance, smoking-induced, 101
Life-years saved (LYS)
Interleukin-6, 411
from smoking cessation programs, 58-66
Intermediate-risk individuals, cost-effectiveness of EBT
from smoking control policies, 51-52
for, 179
Lipid-lowering therapy
Intertruncal artery trauma, 546-547 atherosclerotic plaque progression and, 155-158
Intertruncal plexectomy, 539
fibrinolysis and, 532
for angina pectoris, 560-562
initiation of, 160
procedure for, 540-541
treatment paradigms, plaque imaging and, 159-167
rationale for, 539-540
Lipid peroxidation products, 80, 96, 100
Intertruncal plexus, 539 Lipids. See also specific lipids
afferent and efferent autonomic neural pathways,
abnormalities, smoking-induced, 101-102
549-550, 556-558 estrogen and progesterone/estrogen therapy and,
blood supply, 542-543 233, 234
during cardiac transplantation, 568-570 hyperlipidemia, CHD risk in women and, 203-204
cardiogenic hypertensive reflex, 549, 552-555 LMWHs. See Low-molecular-weight heparins
de subitaneis morbius, 563-564 Long QT syndrome (LQTS)
histochemical studies, 545 classification of, 260-261
histology, 544-545
HERG-blocking drugs, 262-263
long QT syndrome and, 564-567 intertruncal plexus pathology and, 564-567
neural components, 543-544 Jervell and Lange-Nielson form of, 261
pathology, 545-549 LQT1, 261-262
primum inter pares, 540 LQT2, 262-263
rationale for removing, 539-540 LQT3, 263
structure, 540 LQT4, 263
topography, 541-542 LQTS, 263-264
von Bezold-Jarisch reflex and, 549, 550-5352 LQTO6, 264
Interventional lipidology, 159-160 LQT7, 264
Intimal medial thickness (IMT), 20 rapidly activating component of delayed rectifier cur-
Ischemia rent, 262
epicardial atherosclerotic cause of, 453 Romano-Ward form of, 261
epicardial/microvascular causes of, 454-458 slowly activating component of delayed rectifier cur-
markers of, 409-410 rent, 261-262
potential markers for, 428-429 LOS (length of stay), for heart failure, 466
Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA), 428 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Ischemic heart disease CHD risk in women and, 203
active smoking and, 32-34 lowering, trials for, 153, 154-155
cost of, 41, 49-50 oxidation, smoking and, 81
environmental tobacco smoke and, 31-32, 92 plaque imaging and, 150-153
SUBJECT INDEX
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (Continued) Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, 135
prevention trials, 153, 154 Myeloperoxidase, 428-429
smoking and, 101-102 Myocardial infarction
treatment paradigms, plaque imaging and, 159-167 cardiac troponins and, 399
in women, 201 gender differences in, 209-216
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) medical therapies, 213-216
disadvantages of, 508 platelet volume and, 526
HIT/HITTS, 509 redefinition of, 400
pharmacodynamics, 509 rule-out pathway, 385-386
reversibility, 509 in smokers, 104
therapeutic monitoring, 508-5089 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 2-5
thrombin inhibition, 507, 508 survivors, cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation
vs. unfractionated heparin for PCI, 513-514, 519 for, 63
Lung cancer, age-specific excess death rates of smokers, 14 thrombolysis vs. PCI for, 216
LYS. See Life-years saved Myocardial injury (necrosis)
definition of, 404-405
diagnosis of, 405-406
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
echocardiography of, 426-427
for CAD diagnosis, 249-250 markers, limitations of, 423-424
of suspected ACS, 428
perfusion imaging, technetium-based, 424—426
Malonyldialdehyde (MDA), 80
Myocardial oxygen demand, smoking and, 97
Mayo Clinic Strategy, 393, 395, 396-397
Myocardial revascularization, gender differences in,
MDA (malonyldialdehyde), 80
212
MDCT. See Multidetector computed tomography
Myocardial scintigraphy, vs. exercise testing, 449
Medical College of Virginia CPC Protocol, 393, 394, Myocardial substrate, heterogenous, 265
396, 429-431
Myoglobin, 389, 398, 423
Medroxyprogesterone acetate and estrogens, metabolic
effects of, 233, 234
Men, estrogen trials in, 232 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treat-
Microvascular abnormalities, causing chest pain, 454—- ment Program II] (NCEP ATP-III), 149-150
455 National Investigators Collaboration on Enoxaparin
Mink-related protein 1 (MiRP1), 262, 264 (NICE), 514-515
MITI (Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention), Natriuretic peptides, in heart failure, 470-473
209, 210, 211 NCEP ATP-III (National Cholesterol Education Pro-
Mortality rates gram Adult Treatment Program III), 149-150
effect of smoking cessation on cardiovascular dis- Nesiritide, for heart failure, +79
ease, 105-106 Neurohormones, in heart failure, 470-473
for MI, of smokers, 18-19 New LBBB pathway, 382-383, 384
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) NICE (National Investigators Collaboration on Enox-
accuracy/sensitivity of, 189-191 aparin), 514-515
calcium scoring, reproducibility of, 129-131 Nicotine
clinical applications, 191-193 from cigarette smoke, 93
of coronary artery calcium, 125-126 endothelium damage and, 98-99
data acquisition, 186-187 hemodynamic effects of, 96
description of, 130 inflammation and, 100-101
imaging speed/temporal resolution, 127-128 insulin resistance and, 101
methodology, 186 lipid abnormalities and, 101-102
patient preparation, 186-187 myocardial dysfunction and, 98
radiation exposure from, 129 pharmacodynamics, 94
reproducibility of results, 143-144 from smokeless tobacco, 93
signal vs. noise, 128-129 Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
slice thickness and, 131-132 cost-effectiveness of, 58-66
spatial resolution, 126-127 oxidative stress and, 83
of suspected ACS, 427-428 for smoking cessation therapy, 105-106
technical aspects, 125-126 Nitrates, mortality reduction after MI in women and,
variability/calibration of, 126 213-214
582 SUBJECT INDEX
Nitric oxide, 455-456 Passive smoking. See Environmental tobacco smoke
bioavailability, 525 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
release, platelet-erived, 99 clinical anticoagulation data, 513-518
synthesis, genes involved in, 102-103 direct thrombin inhibitors for, 509-513
Noninvasive postive pressure ventilation (NPPV), 475 indirect thrombin inhibitors for, 506-509
Nonobstructive coronary artery disease, with chest smokers vs. nonsmokers, 5—6
pain, 453 strategies for anticoagulation in, 518-519
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, heart failure Percutaneous renal revascularization
and, 480 outcome, 280-282
Non-ST-segment elevation, in acute coronary syn- technical aspects, 278-280
dromes, 411 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography
Northwick Park Heart Study, 526, 527, 528, 529 (PTCA)
NPPV (noninvasive postive pressure ventilation), 475 technical aspects, 278
NRMI, 211 for women, 217-218
NRT. See Nicotine replacement therapy Perfusion imaging, technetium-based, for myocardial
NSTEMI pathway, unstable angina and, 383-387 injury detection, 424-426
N-terminal pro-BNP, 473-474 Pericarditis, 459
Nuclear cardiac imaging, 389 Peripheral vascular disease, smoking and, 21-22
Nurses’ Health Study, 202, 203, 204, 213 p53 gene, 103
Pharmacologic cardioversion, thromboembolism risk
Obesity, CHD risk in women and, 204 and, 491
Observation unit PHASE (Papworth HRT Atherosclerosis Study), 235,
candidate, selection of, 476-478 236
codes, for heart failure, 466-467 PHOREA (Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement
discharge from, 480-481 Against Atherosclerosis Study), 235, 237
management strategies, +67 Phosphorus-31 MRI spectroscopy, for CAD diagnosis,
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 43 250-251
Orbofiban in Patients with Unstable Coronary Syd- Physical examination, primary risk stratification and,
nromes (OPUS)-TIMI 16 trial, 411-413 422
OTA (Office of Technology Assessment), 43 Physical inactivity, CHD risk in women and, 204
Outcome measures, intermediate, for cost effectiveness Physician’s Health Study, 529
analysis, 176-178 Pipe smoking, 22
Oxidant chemicals, hypercoagulabilitly and, 100 PLAATO, 497
Oxidative stress Plaque. See also Plaque imaging
antioxidant levels in smokers and, 83-85 calcification, prognosis and, 155
cardiovascular disease and, 81-83 documentation of, 116
hypercholesterolemia, smoking and, 81 progression, LDL-C lowering and, 155-158
nicotine and, 83 rupture, 379
reactive oxygen species and, 79-80 Plaque imaging
smoking and, 96 advantages of, 116-118
smoking-induced coronary artery disease and, 103 for asymptomatic patients, 173-174
in vivo measurement of, 80-81 asymptomatic patients and, 120
cost of, 119
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), 96 disadvantages of, 118-120
Pain downstream or induced costs after, 175-176
chest. See Angina pectoris; Chest pain limited availability of, 120
perception, enhanced, +60 lipid values and, 150-153
PAMI (Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction), MRI techniques for, 249-250
5 NCEP recommendations, 150
Papworth HRT Atherosclerosis Study (PHASE), 235, in non-LDL disorders, 153-154
236 procedural costs of, 174-175
PAR (population attributable risk), for cardiovascular rationale for, 172
mortality caused by smoking, 42-46, 49 with risk factor assessment, 116-117
PARAGON B, 400, 408 technical issues, 158-159
Paraoxonase, 103-104 treatment paradigms and, 159-167