Principles of neural science PDF
Preview Principles of neural science
PRINCIPLES OF NEUR AL SCIENCE Columns II (left) and IV (right) of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus This papyrus, transcribed in the Seventeenth Century B.C., is a medical treatise that contains the earliest reference to the brain anywhere in human records. According to James Breasted, who translated and published the document in 1930, the word brain occurs only 8 times in ancient Egyptian, 6 of them on these pages. The papyrus describes here the symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis of two patients with compound fractures of the skull, and compares the surface of the brain to “those ripples that hap- pen in copper through smelting, with a thing in it that throbs and flutters under your fingers like the weak spot of the crown of a boy before it becomes whole for him.” The red ink highlights the patients’ ailments and their prognoses. (Reproduced, with per- mission, from the New York Academy of Medicine Library.) Men ought to know that from the brain, and PRINCIPLES from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, OF NEUR AL pains, griefs and tears. Through it, in particular, we think, see, hear, and distinguish the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the SCIENCE good, the pleasant from the unpleasant. . . . It is the same thing which makes us mad or delirious, inspires us with dread and fear, whether by night or by day, brings Fifth Edition sleeplessness, inopportune mistakes, aimless anxieties, absent-mindedness, and acts that are contrary to habit. These things that we suffer Edited by all come from the brain, when it is not healthy, but becomes abnormally hot, cold, moist, or ERIC R. KANDEL dry, or suffers any other unnatural affection to which it was not accustomed. Madness comes JAMES H. SCHWARTZ from its moistness. When the brain is abnormally moist, of necessity it moves, and THOMAS M. JESSELL when it moves neither sight nor hearing are STEVEN A. SIEGELBAUM still, but we see or hear now one thing and now another, and the tongue speaks in A. J. HUDSPETH accordance with the things seen and heard on any occasion. But when the brain is still, a man can think properly. Art Editor Sarah Mack attributed to Hippocrates Fifth Century, B.C. Reproduced, with permission, from The Sacred Disease, in Hippocrates, Vol. 2, page 175, translated by W.H.S. Jones, London and New York: William Heinemann and Harvard University Press. 1923. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto PRINCIPLES OF NEUR AL SCIENCE Fifth Edition Edited by ERIC R. KANDEL JAMES H. SCHWARTZ THOMAS M. JESSELL STEVEN A. SIEGELBAUM A. J. HUDSPETH Art Editor Sarah Mack New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-181001-2 MHID: 0-07-181001-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-139011-8, MHID: 0-07-139011-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefi t of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at [email protected]. Previous editions copyright © 2000 by McGraw-Hill Companies; © 1991 by Appleton & Lange. Cover image: This image is a lithograph by F. Schima from a drawing by Sigmund Freud of the spinal ganglion of the lamprey Petromyzon. Before he discovered the unconscious, Freud had a promising career as a neural scientist. The cover thus recognizes that, a century after Freud’s discovery, progress in the study of cognition has reemphasized the importance of unconscious mental processes for perception and action. (Reproduced, with permission, from Sigmund Freud, “Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark der Petromyzon,” Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, LXXVIII. Band I. Abtheilung, 1878, copyright New York Academy of Medicine.) TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. WE WISH TO DEDICATE THIS FIFTH EDITION of Principles of Neural Science to our friend and colleague, James H. Schwartz, one of the founding editors who died on March 13, 2006. Jimmy was an outstanding neuroscientist and scholar. His talent for science and his extraordinary erudition were evident from his days as a medical student at New York University. While at NYU he worked with Werner Maas in the microbiology department and carried out an important set of studies on feedback inhibition in bacterial James H. Schwartz metabolism. This work was so 1933 –2006 impressive that upon completing medical school, Jimmy was nominated for the highly selective graduate program in biology that had just been established at The Rockefeller University by Detlev Bronk. By the time Jimmy obtained his Ph.D. in Fritz Lippman’s laboratory and graduated from Rockefeller in 1964, he had established himself as an outstanding biochemist. He was therefore eagerly recruited back to NYU in 1965 as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology. There Jimmy turned to studying the nerve cells of the snail Aplysia, which were so large and uniquely identifiable that they seemed likely candidates for a study of neuronal biochemical identity. The imme- diate success of his initial studies encouraged him to devote himself completely to the nervous system. He rapidly became one of the lead- ing biochemists on the nervous system and one of the leading thinkers regarding the relationship of brain to behavior. The idea of going from molecules to behavior was the organizing theme of the first edition of Principles of Neural Science, which Jimmy co-edited. He simply loved working on Principles. A superb writer, he demanded precision in language both in himself and in others. This made him an exceptional editor. He read and avidly edited every chap- ter. In addition, Jimmy contributed his sense of historical scholarship. It was his idea to open Principles with the images of hieroglyphics from the Egyptian papyrus, the earliest reference to the brain in human record, which we include as the opening images in this edition as well. But perhaps most importantly, Jimmy championed the idea that this book should delineate fundamental principles rather than serve as an encyclopedia of facts. Thus, Jimmy’s vision and editorial skill greatly enriched each of the five editions. In his absence we have striven to make the final product an edition that will continue to meet the high standards of readability and scholarship he set for all of us. Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Contents in Brief Contents xiii 11 Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Preface xli Second Messengers 236 Acknowledgments xliii 12 Transmitter Release 260 Contributors xlv 13 Neurotransmitters 289 14 Diseases of the Nerve and Motor Unit 307 Part I Overall Perspective Part IV The Neural Basis of Cognition 1 The Brain and Behavior 5 2 Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior 21 15 The Organization of the Central 3 Genes and Behavior 39 Nervous System 337 16 The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement 356 Part II 17 From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron Representations of Space and Action 370 18 The Organization of Cognition 392 4 The Cells of the Nervous System 71 19 Cognitive Functions of the Premotor 5 Ion Channels 100 Systems 412 6 Membrane Potential and the Passive Electrical 20 Functional Imaging of Cognition 426 Properties of the Neuron 126 7 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential 148 Part V Perception Part III Synaptic Transmission 21 Sensory Coding 449 22 The Somatosensory System: Receptors and Central Pathways 475 8 Overview of Synaptic Transmission 177 23 Touch 498 9 Signaling at the Nerve-Muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission 189 24 Pain 530 10 Synaptic Integration in the Central Nervous 25 The Constructive Nature of Visual System 210 Processing 556
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