Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology PDF
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Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology FIFTH EDITION PrinciplesandPracticeofClinicalVirology,FifthEdition.EditedbyA.J.Zuckerman,J.E.Banatvala,J.R.Pattison,P.D.GriffithsandB.D.Schoub &2004JohnWiley&SonsLtd ISBN0470843381 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology FIFTH EDITION Edited by Arie J. Zuckerman Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK Jangu E. Banatvala Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, London, UK John R. Pattison Department of Health, London, UK Paul D. Griffiths Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK Barry D. Schoub National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa Firstpublished1987;SecondEditionpublished1990;ThirdEditionpublished1994;FourthEditionpublished2000 Copyrightu1987,1990,1994,2000,2004 JohnWiley&SonsLtd, TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval systemortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsof theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency Ltd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.Requeststo thePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate, Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. 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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0-470-84338-1 Typesetin9/11ptTimesbyDobbieTypesettingLtd,Tavistock,Devon. PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wilts. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. Contents List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 3 Hepatitis Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Tim J. Harrison, Geoffrey M. Dusheiko Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi and Arie J. Zuckerman Preface to the Fourth Edition. . . . . . . . . . xii 4 Viruses Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Preface to the Third Edition. . . . . . . . . . . xiii Ulrich Desselberger and Jim Gray Preface to the Second Edition. . . . . . . . . . xiv 5 Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Chris W. Potter Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . xv 6 Parainfluenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Stelios Psarras, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos and Sebastian L. Johnston 1 Diagnostic Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Katie Jeffrey and Deenan Pillay 7 Respiratory Syncytial Virus. . . . . . . . 323 Caroline Breese Hall 2 The Herpesviridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Graham M. Cleator and Paul E. Klapper 8 Adenovirus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Marcela Echavarria 2A Herpes Simplex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Graham M. Cleator and Paul E. Klapper 9 Rhinoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos and 2B Varicella Zoster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sebastian L. Johnston Judith Breuer 10 Coronaviruses and Toroviruses. . . . . . 379 2C Cytomegalovirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 David Cavanagh Paul D. Griffiths 11 Measles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 2D Epstein–Barr Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies and Dorothy H. Crawford Volker ter Meulen 2E Roseoloviruses: Human Herpesviruses 12 Rubella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 6 and 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Jennifer M. Best and Jangu E. Banatvala Ursula A. Gompels 13 Mumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 2F Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Pauli Leinikki Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8). . 169 Abel Viejo-Borbolla, Cornelia 14 Enteroviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Henke-Gendo and Thomas F. Schulz Philip D. Minor and Peter Muir vi CONTENTS 15 Poxviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 24 Human Parvoviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Inger Damon, Peter Jahrling and Kevin E. Brown James LeDuc 25 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses . . . 721 16 Alphaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Robin A. Weiss, Angus G. Dalgleish, Graham Lloyd Clive Loveday and Deenan Pillay 25A The Human T Cell Lymphotropic 17 Flaviviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 Barry D. Schoub and Nigel K. Graham P. Taylor Blackburn 26 Human Prion Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 779 18 Bunyaviridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 John Collinge Robert Swanepoel 27 GBV-C and TTV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 19 Arenaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Shigeo Hino Colin R. Howard 28 Emerging Virus Infections. . . . . . . . . 825 20 Filoviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Brian W. J. Mahy Susan P. Fisher-Hoch 29 Hospital-acquired Infections. . . . . . . . 835 21 Rabies and Other Lyssavirus 29A Infections Acquired via the Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Blood-borne Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Mary J. Warrell Anthea Tilzey 22 Papillomaviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 29B Infections Acquired via Other Dennis McCance Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Philip Rice 23 Human Polyomaviruses. . . . . . . . . . . 675 Kristina Do¨rries Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Contributors JanguE. Banatvala Emeritus Professor ofClinical IngerDamon Chief, PoxvirusSection, Division of Virology, Guy’s, King’s andStThomas’ Schoolof Viral andRickettsialDiseases, NationalCenterfor Medicine, LambethPalaceRoad, LondonSE1 7EH, InfectiousDiseases,Centers forDisease Control and UK Prevention, 1600CliftonRd NE, MailstopG-18, Atlanta,GA30333, USA JenniferM. Best Reader inVirology, Guy’s, King’s andStThomas’ School ofMedicine, LambethPalace UlrichDesselberger Consultant Virologist and Road,LondonSE1 7EH,UK Director, Clinical Microbiology andPublic Health NigelK.Blackburn Senior ConsultantVirologist, Laboratory, Addenbrooke’sHospital, Hills Road, NationalInstitute forCommunicableDiseases, CambridgeCB2 2QW, UK Sandringham,SouthAfrica KristinaDo¨rries Senior ScientistandGroup Leader, JudithBreuer Reader andConsultant inVirology, Institutefor VirologyandImmunobiology,Julius- SkinVirusLaboratory, StBartholomew’s andthe Maximilians-University Wu¨rzburg, Versbacher Strasse RoyalLondonSchool ofMedicine andDentistry, 7,D-97078 Wu¨rzburg, Germany 25–29AshfieldStreet, London E11BB,UK KevinE. Brown SeniorInvestigator, VirusDiscovery GeoffreyM.Dusheiko Professor ofMedicine, Group,Hematology Branch,NationalHeart, Lungand DepartmentofMedicine, RoyalFree andUniversity BloodInstitute,Bethesda, MD,USA CollegeMedicalSchool, Rowland HillStreet, London NW32PF,UK DavidCavanagh Principal Scientist,Institute for Animal Health,ComptonLaboratory, Compton, MarcelaEchavarria AssistantProfessor of Newbury, BerksRG207NN,UK Microbiology, CentrodeEducacio´n Me´dica e GrahamM.Cleator Reader inMedicalVirology, Investigaciones Clı´nicas,CEMIC University Hospital, LaboratoryMedicineAcademic Group,Department of Galvan4102, (C1431FWO),Buenos Aires, Argentina Virology, 3rdfloor, Clinical Sciences Building, SusanP. Fisher-Hoch Professor ofBiological ManchesterRoyalInfirmary,OxfordRoad,Manchester Sciences,UniversityofTexas,HoustonSchoolofPublic M139WL,UK HealthatBrownsville, 80FortBrown,Brownsville, TX JohnCollinge Head, Department of 78520,USA Neurodenegerative Disease andDirector, MRCPrion Unit, Instituteof Neurology, University College UrsulaA.Gompels Senior LecturerinMolecular London,London,UK Virology, PathogenMolecularBiology Unit, DepartmentofInfectiousandTropicalDiseases,London DorothyH. Crawford Professor of Medical SchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,Universityof MicrobiologyandHeadoftheSchoolofBiomedicaland London,Keppel Street,London WC1E7HT,UK ClinicalLaboratory Sciences,The University of Edinburgh, HughRobsonBuilding, George Square, JimGray Head, Enteric Virus Unit, Enteric, EdinburghEH89XD,UK Respiratory andNeurologicalVirus Laboratory, AngusG.Dalgleish Professor of Oncology,St SpecialistandReferenceMicrobiologyDivision,Health George’sHospitalMedical School,CranmerTerrace, ProtectionAgency,61ColindaleAvenue,LondonNW9 LondonSW170RE,UK 5DF, UK viii CONTRIBUTORS PaulD.Griffiths Professor ofVirology, RoyalFree CliveLoveday ClinicalDirector,InternationalClinical andUniversity CollegeMedical School,Rowland Hill VirologyCentre,GreatMissenden, UK Street,London NW32PF,UK BrianW.J.Mahy SeniorScientificResearchAdvisor, CarolineBreeseHall Professor of Pediatrics and NationalCenterfor InfectiousDiseases, CDC,1600 MedicineinInfectiousDiseases,UniversityofRochester CliftonRoad, MailstopC12, Atlanta,GA30333, USA SchoolofMedicine, 601ElmwoodAvenue, Box689, DennisMcCance Department ofMicrobiology and Rochester,NY14642, USA Immunology,Head, VirologyUnit, University of TimJ. Harrison Reader in MolecularVirology, Rochester,Box 672,601Elmwood Avenue,Rochester, RoyalFreeandUniversity CollegeMedical School, NY14642, USA RoyalFreeCampus, Rowland HillStreet, London PhilipD.Minor Head,DivisionofVirology,National NW32PF,UK Institutefor Biological StandardsandControl, Potters CorneliaHenke-Gendo Clinical Virologist, Bar, Hertfordshire, UK DepartmentofVirology, Hannover MedicalSchool, PeterMuir Health Protection Agency SouthWest, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1,30625Hannover, Germany Myrtle Road,BristolBS2 8EL,UK ShigeoHino Department ofVirology, Facultyof NikolaosG. Papadopoulos Lecturer, AllergyUnit, Medicine, TottoriUniversity, 86Nishi, Yonago 683- 2ndDepartment ofPediatrics, University of Athens, 8503,Japan Greece ColinR.Howard Vice-Principal for Strategic DeenanPillay Reader inVirology, Royal Freeand DevelopmentandProfessor of Microbiology, Royal UniversityCollegeMedicalSchool,WindeyerBuilding, VeterinaryCollege, University ofLondon,Royal 46cClevelandStreet, London W1P6DB, UK CollegeStreet, LondonNW10TU, UK ChrisW.Potter Emeritus Professor,University of PeterJahrling USAMRIID, FortDetrick, Frederick, Sheffield,Division of GenomicMedicine, Schoolof MD21702-5001,USA MedicineandBiomedical Sciences, FFloor, Beech Hill KatieJeffery Consultant Virologist, Department of Road,Sheffield S102RX, UK Microbiology, JohnRadcliffe Hospital, Headington, SteliosPsarras ResearchAssociate,AllergyUnit,2nd OxfordOX3 9DU,UK Pediatric Clinic,University ofAthens, Greece SebastianJohnston Professor, Departmentof PhilipRice Consultant Virologist, StGeorge’s Respiratory Medicine, NationalHeart andLung HospitalMedicalSchool, CranmerTerrace,London Institute,Imperial College, London,UK SW170RE, UK PaulE. Klapper Consultant Clinical Scientist and Sibylle Schneider-Shaulies Institute forVirology and HonorarySeniorLecturer, Health Protection Agency, Immunobiology,University of Wu¨rzburg, Versbacher LeedsLaboratory,BridlePath,YorkRoad,LeedsLS15 Strasse 7,D-97078, Wu¨rzburg, Germany 7TR,UK BarryD.Schoub Executive Director, National JamesLeDuc Director, Division of Viral and Institutefor CommunicableDiseases, Sandringham, RickettsialDiseases, NationalCenterfor Infectious SouthAfrica Diseases,Centersfor Disease Control andPrevention, 1600CliftonRoad,Mail-stopA-30,Atlanta,GA30333, ThomasF.Schulz Headofthe Departmentof USA Virology, HannoverMedicalSchool, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1,30625Hannover,Germany PauliLeinikki Professor, Departmentof Infectious DiseasesEpidemiology,NationalPublicHealthInstitute RobertSwanepoel National Institute for (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166,FIN-00300 Helsinki, CommunicableDiseases, Sandringham,SouthAfrica Finland GrahamP. Taylor SeniorLecturer/Honorary GrahamLloyd Head, SpecialPathogens, Centre for Consultant,DepartmentofGenito-urinaryMedicineand AppliedMicrobiology andResearch, PortonDown, CommunicableDiseases, FacultyofMedicine, Imperial Salisbury,Wiltshire SP4 0JG,UK College, London,UK CONTRIBUTORS ix Volkerter Meulen Institute forVirologyand MaryJ. Warrell Research Associate, Centre for Immunology,University of Wu¨rzburg, Versbacher Tropical Medicine, JohnRadcliffe Hospital, Oxford Strasse 7,D97078Wu¨rzburg,Germany OX39DU,UK AntheaTilzey Clinical SeniorLecturer, Virology RobinA.Weiss Professor ofViral Oncology, Section, DepartmentofInfectious Diseases,Guy’s, University College, London, UK King’sandStThomas’SchoolofMedicine,StThomas’ Campus,UK ArieJ. Zuckerman Professor of Medical AbelViejo-Borbolla PostdoctoralFellow,Department Microbiology, RoyalFree andUniversity College ofVirology, HannoverMedical School,Carl-Neuberg MedicalSchool,Rowland HillStreet, London NW3 Strasse 1,30625Hannover,Germany 2PF,UK Preface The knowledge and practice of clinical virology epidemiologicalpatternsofinfection.Betweenthisnew continues to expand. The first edition of Principles editionandthelast,muchconcernhasbeenfocusedon and Practice of Clinical Virology, published in 1987, theglobalthreatposedbynewviruses.Consequently,a contained 16 chapters and 590 pages. Each of the newchapteron‘EmergingInfections’isincluded. subsequent editions became progressively larger. This There is also a new chapter on ‘Hospital-acquired editionhas902pagesand38chapters,includingseven Infections’,whichwillbeofbenefittothosewhohave withinthesectionontheHerpesviridae,eachofwhich todealwiththeday-to-daymanagementofpatientsin iscomprehensive. hospital. This chapter also includes some advice Rapidprogressinthefieldhasoccurredbetweenthe relating to SARS. However, fresh knowledge about fourthandfiftheditions.Therearenowtwoneweditors SARScontinuedtoaccumulateasthefiftheditionwas and a number of new authors, which will increase in preparation, and further information is included, international representation. In addition, each of the not only in the chapter on ‘Emerging Infections’ but remaining chapters has been extensively revised or also in the oneon ‘Coronaviruses’. rewritten, taking into account knowledge accumulated In comparison with the fourth edition, additional inmolecularbiologywithitsapplicationsforlaboratory colour plates have been included, and, as in previous diagnosis, immunisation and antiviral chemotherapy. editions,anattempthasbeenmadetolimitreferences Each chapter also highlights the clinical features and tokey publications. A.J. Zuckerman J.E. Banatvala J. R. Pattison P.D. Griffiths B. D.Schoub Preface to the Fourth Edition It is now 13 years since the first edition of Principles Advances in diagnostic methods, particularly mo- and Practice of Clinical Virology was published. A lecular biological techniques and their application to comparison of the first and fourth editions testifies to clinical problems, are reflected in a new chapter on therapidexpansioninvirologyduringtheintervening ‘Diagnostic Approaches’, which presents an overview years,includingmajordevelopmentsintechnology,the of the value and limitations of established and more applicationofthesetoclinicalpracticeandadvancesin recentlydevelopedtechniques.Advancesinserological the treatment of viral infections with an increasing techniques as well as in virus identification are number of antiviral drugs. Indeed, such has been the emphasised. This chapter also includes an important progressinthefieldofclinicalvirologyevenwithinthe section on assays for determining antiviral drug period between the third and fourth editions that we resistance. have asked a number of new authors to contribute Most of the chapters reflect advances in patient chapters. These include the chapters on rhinoviruses, management,including—whereappropriate—antiviral viruses associated with acute diarrhoeal disease, and chemotherapy. As expected, the chapters on hepatitis human polyomaviruses. Of the remaining chapters, viruses and human retroviruses have been expanded virtually all have been revised substantially. The considerably in the light of continuing and rapid chapter on the Herpesviridae has been expanded advances in these fields. Both chapters now include a considerably, particularly in relation to Human her- componentbyauthorswitheverydaypracticalexperi- pesviruses6,7and8;newauthorshavecontributedto enceinthemanagementandtreatmentofpatientswith thesesections.Thechapteronhepatitisvirusesreflects these infections. the considerable expansion of information relating to Incomparisonwiththethirdedition,morecoloured hepatitis E and C as well as the role of such newly plates have been included, which we hope our readers recognised agents as GB and the new human virus, will appreciate. As in previous editions, we have TTV. attemptedtolimitthereferenceliststokeypublications. A. J. Zuckerman J.E. Banatvala J. R. Pattison
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