Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 PDF
Preview Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925
Page iii Prevailing over Time Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875–1925 D. Aidan McQuillan Page iv Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Copyright © 1990 by the University of Nebraska Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data McQuillan, D. Aidan. Prevailing over time : ethnic adjustment on the Kansas prairies, 1875–1925 / D. Aidan McQuillan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0803231431 1. Minorities—Kansas—History. 2. Immigrants—Kansas—History. 3. Kansas—Ethnic relations. 4. Kansas—Emigration and immigration— History. I. Title. F690.AIM37 1990 305.8'009781—dc20 8928957 CIP Page v In memory of Henry K. McQuillan and Andrew H. Clark Page vii Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface xvii 1 1 The Americanization of Immigrants and Ethnicity 2 15 The Social and Economic Background of the Immigrants 3 44 Formation of Ethnic Communities in Kansas 4 85 Growth of the Ethnic Communities 5 121 The Improvement of Fortunes 6 159 Farming Decisions over Fifty Years 7 190 Summary and Conclusions Appendix A 203 Selection of the Sample Townships Appendix B 212 Analysis of Persistence Curves Appendix C 217 Crop Yields and Climate Appendix D 221 Estimating Variability of Farm Income Notes 245 Bibliography 269 Index 287 Page ix Figures 1 12 Location of the study area in central Kansas 2 18 Provinces of Sweden 3 20 Changes in cropland in Sweden, 1800–1910 4 26 Mennonite settlements in southern Russia 5 32 Civil divisions of Quebec in 1850 6 46 Major railroads in eastern Kansas, 1875 7 48 Distribution of Swedish settlements in central Kansas 8 54 Homestead entries and cancellations in Union and Rockville townships 9 56 Year of initial land entry and purchase from the railroad in Union and Rockville townships 10 57 Lands obtained by Swedes in Union and Rockville townships 11 60 Distribution of Mennonite settlements in central Kansas 12 62 Alexanderwohl villages in western Marion and eastern McPherson counties 13 67 Year of initial land entry and purchase from the railroad in Menno and Meridian townships 14 68 Lands obtained by Mennonites in Menno and Meridian townships 15 71 Distribution of FrenchCanadian settlements in central Kansas 16 76 Year of initial land entry and purchase in Shirley and Aurora townships 17 77 Homestead entries and cancellations in Shirley and Aurora townships 18 78 Lands obtained by French Canadians in Shirley and Aurora townships Page x 19 104 Comparison of persistence rates among Mennonite samples and control group by decadal cohorts 20 105 Comparison of persistence rates among Swedish samples and control group by decadal cohorts 21 106 Comparison of persistence rates among FrenchCanadian samples and control group by decadal cohorts 22 110 Changes in land ownership, Union Township, 1885–1925 23 111 Changes in land ownership, Rockville Township, 1885–1925 24 112 Changes in land ownership, Menno Township, 1885–1925 25 113 Changes in land ownership, Meridian Township, 1885–1925 26 114 Changes in land ownership, Shirley Township, 1885–1925 27 115 Changes in land ownership, Aurora Township, 1885–1925 28 129 Changing farm sizes for the ethnic groups in each township 29 150 Frequency and amount of mortgaging among ethnic farmers in Union, Menno, and Shirley townships 30 151 Total number and value of foreclosed mortgages among ethnic farmers in Union, Menno, and Shirley townships, 1885–1925 31 161 Changing prices of farm commodities in Kansas based on a threeyear moving average, 1875–1925 32 166 Percent distribution of farmenterprise combinations for the ethnic groups, 1875– 1925 33 167 Percent distribution of farmenterprise combinations for the control groups, 1875–1925 34 207 Ethnic combinations in central Kansas 35 208 Location of Swedish, Mennonite, FrenchCanadian, and German settlements in central Kansas 36 211 Territorial evolution of Menno and Rockville townships Page xi Tables 1 83 Government land claims by Swedes, French Canadians, and controlgroup farmers 2 101 Changes in number of farm operators, 1875–1925 3 131 Changes in percent distribution and frequency of farm sizes for controlgroup farmers, 1875–1925 4 134 Average size of farms in acres of Swedes, Mennonites, and French Canadians, 1875–1925 5 137 Mean values in dollars and coefficients of variability for farm values in the six townships 6 138 Mean values in current dollars and coefficients of variability for real estate in the six townships 7 139 Results of analysis of variance test for peracre value of real estate in current dollars among Swedes, Mennonites, and French Canadians, 1895–1925 8 141 Mean values in dollars and coefficients of variability for farm implements and machinery in the six townships 9 142 Results of analysis of variance test for peracre investment in farm equipment among Swedes, Mennonites, and French Canadians, 1875–1905 10 145 Rented farms as a percentage of all farms in four Kansas counties, 1900–25 11 147 Percentage rates of farm tenancy in the six townships, 1885–1925 12 152 Average size in acres and percent distribution of farms owned debtfree, rented, or mortgaged by the three ethnic groups, 1905–25 Page xii 13 153 Percentage rates of mortgaging in the six townships, 1905–25 14 154 Debtfree, owneroperated farms as a percentage of all farms, 1885–1925 15 169 Percentage distribution of labor on Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farms, 1885 16 171 Percentage distribution of labor on Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farms, 1895 17 174 Percentage distribution of labor on Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farms, 1905 18 178 Percentage distribution of labor on Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farms, 1915 19 181 Percentage distribution of labor on Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farms, 1925 20 184 Values of the D2 statistic for differences between Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farming systems, 1875–1925 21 185 Values of the D2 statistic for differences between the ethnic and controlgroup farming systems, 1875–1925 22 186 Values of the D2 statistic for differences between first and second generation ethnics and controlgroup farming systems, 1905–25 23 187 Values of the D2 statistic for differences between segregated and nonsegregated samples of Swedish, Mennonite, and FrenchCanadian farming systems, 1875– 1925 24 187 Values of the D2 statistic for differences between segregated and nonsegregated samples and controlgroup farming systems, 1875–1925 25 206 Standard deviation analysis for Keokuk County, Iowa 26 210 Ethnic composition by percentage of the Swedish, Mennonite, and French Canadian diaspora 27 213 Cumulative persistence for ethnic group means and standard deviations from twoway analysis of variance 28 215 Differences between ethnicgroup and controlgroup persistence for 1875 cohort 29 216 Differences in persistence into the third decade 30 218 Simple linear correlation coefficients of monthly precipitation with crop yields in four Kansas counties Page xiii 31 219 Results of a stepwise multiple correlation of crop yields with monthly effective precipitation in four Kansas counties 32 223 Estimated index values for farm labor per acre and per head of livestock, 1875– 1925 and 1950 33 224 Estimated labor requirements in manhours for crops and livestock in Kansas, 1875–1925 34 225 Derivation of the coefficient of variation for combinations of wheat, corn, and barley in Cloud County, 1875–1925 35 226 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1875 36 228 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1885 37 230 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1895 38 232 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1905 39 234 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1915 40 238 Percentage distribution of farm enterprises on Swedish, Mennonite, French Canadian, and controlgroup farms, 1925 41 240 Coefficients of variation for crop yields 42 242 Coefficients of variation for return per manhour
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