Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems, Transportation and Industrial Applications

827 Pages·2014·12.29 MB·English

by  Mariusz Malinowski

POWER ELECTRONICS
FOR RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS,
TRANSPORTATION AND
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS

POWER ELECTRONICS
FOR RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS,
TRANSPORTATION AND
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS

Edited by

Haitham Abu-Rub

Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar

Mariusz Malinowski

Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Kamal Al-Haddad

École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada

A co-publication of IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This edition first published 2014
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Power electronics for renewable energy systems, transportation, and industrial applications / edited by Haitham
Abu-Rub, Mariusz Malinowski, Kamal Al-Haddad.
pages cm
Author’s surname spelled “Haitham” on title page.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-63403-5 (cloth)
1. Power electronics. 2. Industries – Power supply. I. Abu-Rub, Haithem, editor of compilation. II. Malinowski,
Mariusz (Electrical engineer), editor of compilation. III. Al-Haddad, Kamal, editor of compilation.
TK7881.15.P6725 2014
621.31′7 – dc23
2014001834

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118634035

Typeset in 9/11pt TimesLTStd by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

1
2014

This book is dedicated to our families and parents.

Contents

Foreword
xix

Preface
xxi

Acknowledgements
xxv

List of Contributors
xxvii

1
Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics
in the Present Century
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Energy
2
1.3
Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem
3
1.3.1
Global Warming Effects
6
1.3.2
Mitigation of Global Warming Problems
8
1.4
Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems
8
1.4.1
Energy Conservation
8
1.4.2
Renewable Energy Systems
9
1.4.3
Bulk Energy Storage
16
1.5
Smart Grid
20
1.6
Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles
21
1.6.1
Comparison of Battery EV with Fuel Cell EV
22
1.7
Conclusion and Future Prognosis
23
References
25

2
Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario:
The Power Electronics Contribution
27
2.1
Introduction
27
2.2
Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems
28
2.2.1
FACTS
28
2.2.2
HVDC
32
2.3
Renewable Energy Systems
34
2.3.1
Wind Energy
35
2.3.2
Photovoltaic Energy
37
2.3.3
Ocean Energy
40
2.4
Transportation Systems
41

viii
Contents

2.5
Energy Storage Systems
42
2.5.1
Technologies
42
2.5.2
Application to Transmission and Distribution Systems
46
2.5.3
Application to Renewable Energy Systems
46
2.5.4
Application to Transportation Systems
47
2.6
Conclusions
47
References
47

3
An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid
Concepts and Technologies
50
3.1
Introduction
50
3.2
Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids
51
3.3
Photovoltaic Generators
52
3.4
Wind and Mini-hydro Generators
55
3.5
Energy Storage Systems
56
3.6
Electric Vehicles
57
3.7
Microgrids
57
3.8
Smart Grid Issues
59
3.9
Active Management of Distribution Networks
60
3.10
Communication Systems in Smart Grids
61
3.11
Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing
62
3.12
Standards for Smart Grids
63
References
65

4
Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology
69
4.1
Introduction
69
4.2
Silicon Power Transistors
70
4.2.1
Power MOSFETs
71
4.2.2
IGBTs
72
4.2.3
High-Power Devices
75
4.3
Overview of SiC Transistor Designs
75
4.3.1
SiC JFET
76
4.3.2
Bipolar Transistor in SiC
77
4.3.3
SiC MOSFET
78
4.3.4
SiC IGBT
79
4.3.5
SiC Power Modules
79
4.4
Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices
80
4.4.1
Gate Drivers for Normally-on JFETs
80
4.4.2
Base Drivers for SiC BJTs
84
4.4.3
Gate Drivers for Normally-off JFETs
87
4.4.4
Gate Drivers for SiC MOSFETs
88
4.5
Parallel Connection of Transistors
89
4.6
Overview of Applications
97
4.6.1
Photovoltaics
98
4.6.2
AC Drives
99
4.6.3
Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles
99
4.6.4
High-Power Applications
99
4.7
Gallium Nitride Transistors
100
4.8
Summary
102
References
102

Contents
ix

5
AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters
for Renewable Energy and Transportation
107
5.1
Introduction
107
5.2
Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
108
5.3
Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
112
5.4
Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
113
5.5
Design Procedure
122
5.6
Analysis
123
5.7
Applications
126
5.7.1
Ac–ac Conversion (Wind Power Generation, Variable frequency Drive)
126
5.7.2
Dc–ac and ac–dc Power Conversion
128
5.7.3
Multiport Conversion
130
5.8
Summary
133
Acknowledgment
133
References
133

6
High Power Electronics: Key Technology for Wind Turbines
136
6.1
Introduction
136
6.2
Development of Wind Power Generation
137
6.3
Wind Power Conversion
138
6.3.1
Basic Control Variables for Wind Turbines
139
6.3.2
Wind Turbine Concepts
140
6.4
Power Converters for Wind Turbines
143
6.4.1
Two-Level Power Converter
144
6.4.2
Multilevel Power Converter
145
6.4.3
Multicell Converter
147
6.5
Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter
149
6.6
Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines
150
6.6.1
Active Power Control
151
6.6.2
Reactive Power Control
152
6.6.3
Total Harmonic Distortion
152
6.6.4
Fault Ride-Through Capability
153
6.7
Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System
155
6.8
Conclusion
156
References
156

7
Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems
160
7.1
Introduction
160
7.2
Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems
162
7.2.1
Electrical Model of a PV Cell
162
7.2.2
Photovoltaic Module I–V and P–V Curves
163
7.2.3
MPP under Partial Shading
164
7.3
Grid-Connected PV System Configurations
165
7.3.1
Centralized Configuration
167
7.3.2
String Configuration
171
7.3.3
Multi-string Configuration
177
7.3.4
AC-Module Configuration
178
7.4
Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems
181
7.4.1
Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Methods
181
7.4.2
DC–DC Stage Converter Control
185

x
Contents

7.4.3
Grid-Tied Converter Control
186
7.4.4
Anti-islanding Detection
189
7.5
Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems
192
7.6
Summary
195
References
195

8
Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems
199
8.1
Introduction
199
8.2
Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System
201
8.2.1
First Method
201
8.2.2
Second Method
202
8.3
Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid
202
8.3.1
Steady State and Stable Operation Region
203
8.3.2
Zero Dynamic Analysis
207
8.4
Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid
208
8.4.1
Steady State and Stable Operation Region
208
8.4.2
Zero Dynamic Analysis
213
8.5
Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter
219
8.5.1
Steady State and Stability Analysis of the System
220
8.5.2
Zero Dynamics Analysis of PV
221
8.6
Conclusions
228
References
229

9
Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems
231
9.1
Distributed Power Generation Systems
231
9.1.1
Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems
232
9.1.2
Small/Medium-Sized Wind Turbine Systems
233
9.1.3
Overview of the Control Structure
234
9.2
Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems
243
9.2.1
Droop Control
244
9.2.2
Power Control in Microgrids
247
9.2.3
Control Design Parameters
252
9.2.4
Harmonic Compensation
256
9.3
Ancillary Feature
259
9.3.1
Voltage Support at Local Loads Level
259
9.3.2
Reactive Power Capability
263
9.3.3
Voltage Support at Electric Power System Area
265
9.4
Summary
267
References
268

10
Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine
270
10.1
Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM
270
10.1.1
Structure of the Machine and Electric Configuration
270
10.1.2
Steady-State Equivalent Circuit
271
10.1.3
Dynamic Modeling
277
10.2
Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter
280
10.2.1
Grid Connection Operation
280
10.2.2
Rotor Position Observers
292
10.2.3
Stand-alone Operation
296

Contents
xi

10.3
DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems
305
10.3.1
Wind Turbine Aerodynamic
305
10.3.2
Turbine Control Zones
307
10.3.3
Turbine Control
308
10.3.4
Typical Dimensioning of DFIM-Based Wind Turbines
310
10.3.5
Steady-State Performance of the Wind Turbine Based on DFIM
311
10.3.6
Analysis of DFIM-Based Wind Turbines during Voltage Dips
313
References
317

11
AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems
319
11.1
Introduction
319
11.1.1
Bidirectional AC–DC–AC Topologies
319
11.1.2
Passive Components Design for an AC–DC–AC Converter
322
11.1.3
DC-Link Capacitor Rating
322
11.1.4
Flying Capacitor Rating
325
11.1.5
L and LCL Filter Rating
325
11.1.6
Comparison
327
11.2
Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies
328
11.2.1
Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Two-Level Converter
328
11.2.2
Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Three-Level Converter
331
11.3
DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter
334
11.3.2
Pulse-Width Modulation for Simplified AC–DC–AC Topologies
337
11.3.3
Compensation of Semiconductor Voltage Drop and Dead-Time Effect
342
11.4
Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters
345
11.4.1
Field-Oriented Control of an AC–DC Machine-Side Converter
346
11.4.2
Stator Current Controller Design
348
11.4.3
Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation
349
11.4.4
Machine Stator Flux Controller Design
350
11.4.5
Machine Electromagnetic Torque Controller Design
351
11.4.6
Machine Angular Speed Controller Design
351
11.4.7
Voltage-Oriented Control of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter
352
11.4.8
Line Current Controllers of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter
352
11.4.9
Direct Power Control with Space Vector Modulation of an AC–DC
Grid-Side Converter
354
11.4.10 Line Power Controllers of an AC–DC Grid-Side Converter
355
11.4.11 DC-Link Voltage Controller for an AC–DC Converter
356
11.5
AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward
356
11.5.1
Analysis of the Power Response Time Constant of an AC–DC–AC Converter
358
11.5.2
Energy of the DC-Link Capacitor
358
11.6
Summary and Conclusions
361
References
362

12
Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft
365
12.1
Introduction
365
12.2
More Electric Aircraft
367
12.2.1
Airbus 380 Electrical System
369
12.2.2
Boeing 787 Electrical Power System
370
12.3
More Electric Engine (MEE)
372
12.3.1
Power Optimized Aircraft (POA)
372

xii
Contents

12.4
Electric Power Generation Strategies
374
12.5
Power Electronics and Power Conversion
378
12.6
Power Distribution
381
12.6.1
High-voltage operation
383
12.7
Conclusions
384
References
385

13
Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
387
13.1
Introduction
387
13.2
Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies
388
13.2.1
Electric Vehicles
388
13.2.2
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
389
13.2.3
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
391
13.3
EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures
392
13.3.1
EV/PHEV Batteries and Charging Regimes
392
13.4
Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure
404
13.4.1
Charging Hardware
405
13.4.2
Grid-Tied Infrastructure
406
13.5
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts
407
13.5.1
Grid Upgrade
408
13.6
Power Electronics for PEV Charging
410
13.6.1
Safety Considerations
410
13.6.2
Grid-Tied Residential Systems
411
13.6.3
Grid-Tied Public Systems
412
13.6.4
Grid-Tied Systems with Local Renewable Energy Production
416
References
419

14
Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications
422
14.1
Introduction
422
14.2
Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters
423
14.2.1
What Is a Multilevel Converter/Inverter?
423
14.2.2
Three Typical Topologies to Achieve Multilevel Voltage
424
14.2.3
Generalized Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topology and Its Derivations to
Other Topologies
425
14.3
Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications
432
14.3.1
Merits of Cascaded Multilevel Inverters Applied to Utility Level
432
14.3.2
Y-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications
433
14.3.3
Δ-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications
438
14.3.4
Face-to-Face-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for Unified Power Flow
Control
441
14.4
Emerging Applications and Discussions
444
14.4.1
Magnetic-less DC/DC Conversion
444
14.4.2
Multilevel Modular Capacitor Clamped DC/DC Converter (MMCCC)
449
14.4.3
nX DC/DC Converter
451
14.4.4
Component Cost Comparison of Flying Capacitor DC/DC Converter, MMCCC
and nX DC/DC Converter
453
14.4.5
Zero Current Switching: MMCCC
455
14.4.6
Fault Tolerance and Reliability of Multilevel Converters
458
14.5
Summary
459
Acknowledgment
461
References
461

Contents
xiii

15
Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control
463
15.1
Introduction
463
15.2
Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter
464
15.2.1
Topology
464
15.2.2
Control Algorithms
464
15.3
Simulation and Experimental Results
484
15.4
Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output
488
15.4.1
Topology
488
15.4.2
Control Techniques
489
15.5
Sample Results
499
Acknowledgment
501
References
501

16
Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction
in Single-Phase Rectifiers
503
16.1
Introduction
503
16.2
Basic Boost PFC
504
16.2.1
Converter’s Topology and Averaged Model
504
16.2.2
Steady-State Analysis
507
16.2.3
Control Circuit
507
16.2.4
Linear Control Design
509
16.2.5
Simulation Results
511
16.3
Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC
511
16.3.1
CCM/CVM Operation and Average Modeling of the Converter
513
16.3.2
Small-Signal Averaged Model and Transfer Functions
514
16.3.3
Control System Design
515
16.3.4
Numerical Implementation and Simulation Results
518
16.4
Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC
519
16.4.1
Converter Topology
522
16.4.2
Operation Sequences
523
16.4.3
Linear Control Design and Experimental Results
526
16.5
Conclusion
528
References
529

17
Active Power Filter
534
17.1
Introduction
534
17.2
Harmonics
535
17.3
Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics
535
17.4
International Standards for Harmonics
536
17.5
Types of Harmonics
537
17.5.1
Harmonic Current Sources
537
17.5.2
Harmonic Voltage Sources
537
17.6
Passive Filters
539
17.7
Power Definitions
540
17.7.1
Loading Power and Power Factor
541
17.7.2
Loading Power Definition
541
17.7.3
Power Factor Definition in 3D Space Current Coordinate
System
541
17.8
Active Power Filters
543
17.8.1
Current Source Inverter APF
544
17.8.2
Voltage Source Inverter APF
544