Potential antifungal plants for controlling building fungi

14 Pages·2009·0.25 MB·English

by  Sarla Dutta

Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 7(4), 2008, pp.374-387 General Article
Potential antifungal plants for controlling building fungi
Rajesh K Verma*, Leena Chaurasia and Sadhana Katiyar
Building Pests and Mycology Laboratory
Environmental Science and Technology Division
Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), CSIR
Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
* Correspondent author, E- mail: [email protected]; Phone: [phone]
Received 19 March 2007; Accepted 10 October 2007
puteana, C. marmorata, Phellinus
Abstract
contigiuus, Donkioporia expansa,
The synthetic fungicides such as Pentachlorophenol, Tributyltin oxide, Zinc carboxylate,
etc. have been removed from markets due to their harmful effects on the environment, residue Pleurotus ostreatus, Asterostroma
problem and carcinogenic nature. However, the fungicides derived from plant products are safer spp., Paxillus panuoides and Poria
alternatives for fungi control because they are richest source of bioactive phytochemicals such as
fungi including Amyloporia xantha,
alkaloids, terpenoides, polyacetylenes, unsaturated isobutylamides and phenolics. Plant products,
Poria placenta, Antrodia serialis and
traditionally used as biocides in indigenous culture are being re-evaluated for safer means of fungi
A. sinuosa. Wet rot is also called as
control as compared to the synthetic. The present paper is an attempt to summarize antifungal
potency of various plants along with their part (s) used, type of extracts and test fungi. In view of white rot as it destroys both cellulose and
antifungal properties of some of these plants against some fungi found on buildings, it is hoped lignin, leaving the colour of wood largely
that detailed studies may yield many more effective natural fungicides for controlling various types
unaltered but producing a soft spongy
of building fungi. Some fungi found commonly on buildings have also been discussed in this paper
texture8.
for ready reference and further studies on their possible control by plant extracts.
Soft rot: Soft rot can be
Keywords: Antifungal potency, Building fungi, Essential oil, Medicinal plants.
regarded as a superficial form of wet rot.
IPC code; Int. cl.8 — A01H 15/00, A61K 36/00, A61P 31/10 It is more usually found in timber in
contact with the ground9. The 69 species
Introduction Building Fungi of fungi causing soft rot have been
The number of fungi recorded in Singh (1993), Singh and Bech- identified, most destructive being
India is about 27,000 species, which is Andersen (1992), Bech-Anderson et al Chaetomium globosum10.
perhaps the largest biotic community after (1993)4-7 and others8-13 have reported Moulds: The great majority of
insects1. Fungi are heterotrophic, following fungi on buildings: moulds, which are found in building,
obtaining nutrition in diverse ways from Dry rot: The dry rot refers to belong to the class Hypomycetes of the
decaying animals and plants and other the decay of timber caused by Serpula subdivision Deuteromycotina. Common
organic matter such as foodstuff, artifacts, lacrymans. The fungi mostly attack soft species are: Cladosporium spp.,
clothes, etc.2. wood and causes extensive damage. The Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp.,
Every living being on earth is fungus has the ability to grow through Trichoderma viride, T. harziamum,
harmed or benefited directly or indirectly plaster, brickwork and masonry and even Alternaria spp., Aureobasidium spp.,
by fungi. Fungi can attack building, to extend over a distance of several meters Camposporium spp., Curvularia
timbers, stored goods, clothing, animals from its food sources to attack sound spp., Helminthosporium spp.,
and even their own bodies, through allergy timber using specialized hyphal strand Nigrospora spp., Pithomyces spp.,
and diseases. They also attack objects, (rhizomorphs). The fruiting body of S. Pseudotorula spp., Acremonium
specimens, books and paintings in lacrymans was collected near Narkanda, indicum, Chateomium globosum,
controlled environment. Building fungi India4-7. Drechslera spp., Emericella
can cause damage to the structures, Wet rot: Wet rot may be caused nidulans, Epicoccum nigrum,
decorations and are also responsible for by several Basidiomycetes of which the Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina
the indoor air quality2, 3. most important are: Coniophora phaseolina, Memnoniella echinata,
374 Natural Product Radiance
General Article
Mycelia sterilia, Paecilomyces spp. and Trichoderma spp.2. essential to control them in eco-friendly
variotii, Rhizopus nigricans and Paint fungi — The discoloration manner.
Stachybotrys atra11, 12. of paints in buildings is caused by a The treatment of decay in
Stain fungi: Many stain fungi number of fungi, viz. Alternaria buildings by the active ingredients of
commonly found in building belong to alternata, Aspergillus spp., Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Tributyltin
the class Hypomycetes of the sub division Aureobasidium pullulans, oxide (TBTO), Zinc carboxylate and Boron
Deutromycotina (e.g. Aureobasidium Penicillium spp., Cladosporium esters of fungicides has now been restricted
pullulans and Sclerophoma pithyophila). herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum, due to their toxicity against mammals and
Staining of sapwood occurs on freshly Paecilomyces variotii, Trichoderma human beings2. Due to the increasing
felled wood with high moisture content. viride, Ulocladium atrum and public awareness of the pollutive residual
Blue stain in oak is caused by fungi such Phoma violacea2. carcinogenic and phytotoxic effects of
as Ceratocystis spp., Scylalidium spp. Fungi on glass, metal and synthetic fungicides, the importance of
and Gliocladium spp. and Green stain sealants — A number of fungi can cause indigenous products in fungi management
in oak is usually caused by discoloration and disfigurement of glass, are now gaining popularity22, 23. In the
Chlorociboria aeruginascens2. metal adhesives and sealants. present communication an attempt is
In addition to above reports Cladosporium resinae is commonly made to summarize various research
further classification of fungi according found on metal surfaces. Aspergillus reports published during last 22 years,
to sites of their occurrence is also niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, i. e. from 1985 to 2007 on plants having
available. Some of them are discussed Chaetomium globosum, Geotrichum antifungal properties against
below: spp., Penicillium luteum, Trichoderma phytopathogenic fungi.
Plaster fungi—The plaster viride and Streptomyces rubrireticuli The botanical and common
fungi are likely to be found on damp are found in the kitchens and bathrooms2. names, family, part (s) used, test medium
brickwork and plaster in buildings. The building fungi may cause and antifungal potency (zone of inhibition/
Common examples are: Coprinus spp., asthma, cough, phlegm, wheeze, extrinsic inhibition of mycelium growth/minimum
Peziza spp. and Pyronema domesticum2. allergy, mucous membrane irritation, inhibitory concentration) of 114 plants
Stone fungi—Many stone fungi headache, chest tightness, immune have been presented in Table 1.
commonly found in buildings are: suppression, cancer and leukaemia on
Botrytis spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium building occupants13-21. Hence, it is very
Table 1 : Selected plants with reported antifungal activity
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Shoots Water extract Aspergillus niger, Pestalotiopsis 22.3b, 12.3 and 24
Linn. (Goat weed) theae and Rhizoctonia solani 42 %
Essential oil Didymella bryoniae 100b % 25
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Stem and Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 500c and 26
Bark and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000 µg/ml
Albizia lebbeck Benth. Mimosaceae Pod Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 500c and 26
(Siris tree) and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000 µg/ml
Vol 7(4) July-August 2008 375
General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Allium sativum Linn. Alliaceae Bulb Cyclohexane extract Aspergillus niger, A. flavus 38a, 35 and 27
(Garlic) and Fusarium oxysporum 38mm
Ancistrocladus tectorius Ancistrocladaceae Roots, Bark, Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a, 10, 10 and 28
Merrill Whole plant 7 mm
and Leaves
Apama corymbosa Kuntze Aristolochiaceae Bark Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Apama tomentosa Engl. -do- Root and Methanol extract Candida albicans 13a and 7mm 28
Whole plant
Aristolochia indica Linn. Aristolochiaceae Root Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
(Indian Birthwort) and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
Artemisia annua Linn. Asteraceae Whole plant Dichloro methane Candida albicans 500c µg/ml 26
(Annual mugwort) and methanol extract
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Leaves and Essential oil Aspergillus flavus 500c and 29
A. Juss. (Neem) Seed 1000 ppm
Balanites aegyptiaca Simaroubaceae Fruit Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
(Linn.) Delile and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
syn. B. roxburghii Planch. methanol extract
(Angori)
Caesalpinia Caesalpiniaceae Fruit Dichloro methane Candida albicans 1000c µg/ml 26
cristata Linn. and methanol extract
syn. C. bonducella Flem.
(Fever nut)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima -do- Whole plant Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 61.4b % 30
(Linn.) Sw. (Peacock flower)
Calotropis gigantea Ascelpiadaceae Root and Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 43.6b % 30
(Ait.) R. Br. (Milk weed) Bark
Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
Capsicum annuum Solanaceae Fruit Cyclohexane extract Aspergillus niger, 35a and 30 mm 27
Linn. (Chilli) Fusarium oxysporum
Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 15c and 31
Candida albicans 17.5 mg/ml
Capsanthin and Aspergillus flavus 76b and 52% 32
capsaicin (1mg/ml)
376 Natural Product Radiance
General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Carya ovata K. Koch Juglandaceae Bark Acetone: hexane: Lenzites trabea 97.9b % 33
(Shagbark hikory) water bark extract
Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Fruit Dichloro methane Candida albicans 1000c, 500 and
(Golden shower tree) and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000 µg/ml 26
and Aspergillus niger
Celosia argentea Linn. Amaranthaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 11a mm 28
(Silver cocks comb)
Centaurea attica Nyman Asteraceae Whole plant 4- Acetoxymalaci- Alternaria alternata, 1c, 0.06,1, 0.5, 34
tanolide Aspergillus versicolor, 1, 1, 1, 1 and
A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, 1µg/ml
Penicillium ochrochloron,
P. funiculosum, Trichoderma
viride and Cladosporium
cladosporioides
Centaurea thessala -do- Whole plant 8α- Hydroxy 4- Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus 0.125c, 0.5, 34
Haussk. epi- sonchucarpolide versicolor, A. flavus, A. niger, 0.25, 0.25,
A. ochraceus, Penicillium 0.25, 0.25,
ochrochloron, P. funiculosum 0.25, 1 and
Trichoderma viride and 0.5 µg/ml
Cladosporium cladosporioides
Ceratonia siliqua Caesalpiniaceae Pod Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
Linn. (John's bread) and methanol Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
extract
Chenopodium botrys Chenopodiaceae Aerial part Essential oil Aspergillus niger and 0.1c and 0.2% 35
Linn. (Jerusalem oak) Candida albicans
Cinnamomum Lauraceae Leaves Essential oil Candida albicans, 37.3a, 40.0, 36
camphora (Linn.) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 34.0 and
Nees & Eberm. Torulopsis utilis and 47.7mm
(Camphor tree) Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Cinnamomum -do- Leaves Methanol Candida albicans 8a mm 28
malabatrum extract
(Burm.f.) Blume
syn. C. iners auct.
non Reinw. ex Blume
(Wild cinnamon)
Cinnamomum -do- Leaves Essential oil Candida albicans, 38.7a, 53.0, 36
zeylanicum Breyn. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 42.3 and
(Cinnamon) Torulopsis utilis and 43.0 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
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General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Whole plant Dichloro methane Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000c and 26
(Velvet leaf) and methanol extract and Aspergillus niger 500 µg/ml
Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Whole plant Essential oil Aspergillus niger 100c ppm 37
(Christm.) Swingle (Lime)
Citrus limon (Linn.) -do- Whole plant Essential oil Aspergillus niger 200c ppm 37
Burm.f. (Lemon)
Citrus paradisi Macf. -do- Whole plant Essential oil Aspergillus niger 200c ppm 37
(Grape fruit)
Seed and Pulp Ethanol extract Candida albicans, C. krusei, 8.25c , 8.25, 38
C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, 16.5, 16.5, 8.25
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and and 16.5 %
Kluyveromyces maxianus
Citrus reticulata -do- Whole plant Essential oil Aspergillus niger 100c ppm 37
Blanco (Mandarin)
Colutea nepalensis Fabaceae Leaves Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 12.5c mg/ml 31
Sims syn. C. arborescens Candida albicans
Linn. (Bladder senna)
Commelina communis Commelinaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 9a mm 28
Linn. (Common day flower)
Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Fruit Essential oil Candida albicans, 28.7a, 32.0, 36
Linn. (Coriander) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37.0 and
Torulopsis utilis and 33.0 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Cuminum cyminum -do- Fruit Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 15c mg/ml 31
Linn. (Cumin) Candida albicans
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf Poaceae Whole plant Essential oil Torulopsis utilis 47.0a mm 36
(Lemon grass)
Cymbopogon martini -do- Whole plant Essential oil Candida albicans, 29.7a, 21.0, 36
(Roxb.) Wats. (Palmarosa) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 23.3 and
Torulopsis utilis and 23.0 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Cynara scolymus Linn. Asteraceae Leaves 2 mg Chloroform/ Candida lusitaniae, 2 a /7/3, 39
(Artichoke) ethanol/ ethyl acetate C. albicans, Saccharomyces 11/12/11,
extract cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis, 3/9/4, 9/11/6,
Aspergillus niger, Penicillium 11/13/6, 8/10/5,
axalicum, Mucor mucedo and 2/8/2 and
Cladosporium cucumerinum 6/9/2 mm
378 Natural Product Radiance
General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Cynara scolymus Linn. Asteraceae Flower 3 mg Chloroform/ Candida albicans, C. lusitaniae, 2a/5/0, 2/4/2, 39
(Artichoke) Ethanol/ Ethyl Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. 4/5/4, 5/6/0,
acetate extract carlsbergensis, Aspergillus niger, 5/10/2, 9/9/3,
Penicillium axalicum, Mucor 4/8/4 and
mucedo and Cladosporium 4/10/2 mm
cucumerinum
Stem 6 mg Chloroform/ Candida albicans, C. lusitaniae, 5a/5/2, 4/5/2, 39
ethanol/ ethyl acetate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 6/7/4, 6/7/5,
extract S. carlsbergensis, Aspergillus 6/8/6, 7/9/4,
niger, Penicillium axalicum, 4/6/3 and
Mucor mucedo and 7/8/3 mm
Cladosporium cucumerinu
Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Aspergillus niger, 2.50c mg/ml 40
(White Thornapple) A. fumigatus and A. flavus
Dianthus caryophyllus Caryophyllaceae Fruit and seed Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 25c and 31
Linn. (Clove pink) Candida albicans 20 mg/ml
Dillenia suffruticosa Dilleniaceae Leaves Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Martelli
Dorema ammoniacum Apiaceae Whole plant Dichloro methane Candida albicans, Aspergillus 1000c and 26
D. Don (Ammoniacum) and methanol extract niger and Saccharomyces 500 µg/ml
cerevisiae
Doronicum hookeri Asteraceae Root Dichloro methane Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000c and 26
Hook.f. and methanol extract and Candida albicans 500 µg/ml
Dracaena cinnabari Liliaceae Whole plant Dichloro methane Aspergillus niger 500c and 26
Balf. f. (Dragon’s blood tree) and methanol extract 1000 µg/ml
Eclipta prostrata Asteraceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 8a mm 28
Linn. (Eclipta)
Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae Fruit Essential oil Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 31.7, 7.3a and 36
Maton (Cardamom) Candida albicans and 18.7 mm
Torulopsis utilis
Eleusine indica Poaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Gaertn. (Indian goosegrass)
Erica arborea Linn. Ericaceae Leaves Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 2.5c mg/ml 31
(Tree heath) Candida albicans
Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Leaves Cold water extract Rhizoctonia solani 58.7b % 30
Labill. (Eucalyptus)
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General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 8a mm 28
Linn. (Garden spurge)
Gloriosa superba Liliaceae Root Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
Linn. (Glory lily) and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
Hedyotis congesta Rubiaceae Bark and Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Wall. & G. Don Leaves
Helichrysum italicum Asteraceae Whole plant Terpene, terpenoid Candida albicans 8c, 5 and 41
(Roth) G. Don fraction and oil 5 µl/ml
(Everlasting plant)
Helichrysum nitens -do- Aerial part Dimethyl chrysin, Cladosporium 1c, 1, 2, 5, 42
Oliv. & Hiern Trimethyl galangin, cucumerinum 5 and 5 µg/ml
5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy
flavone, Baicalein
trimethyl ether, 3,5,6,
7,8-pentamethoxy
flavone and 3,5,6,
7-tetramethoxy flavone
Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Poit. (Pignut)
Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae Leaves Dichloro methane Candida albicans 1000c and 26
Linn. (Bellyache bush) and methanol extract 500 µg/ml
Juniperus oxycedrus Cupressaceae Fruit Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 5c µg/ml 31
Linn. (Juniper) Candida albicans
Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Fruit Seneganolide A, Botrytis cinerea 60.83b, 68.33 43
A. Juss. (African mahagony) 2-acetoxy seneganolide and 65.33%
A and Methyl 6-hydro
xy angolensate
Knema glaucescens Myristicaceae Leaves Methanol extract Candida albicans 16a mm 28
Jack syn. K. malayana Warb.
Lantana camara Linn. Verbenaceae Aerial part β-Caryophyllene, Aspergillus niger, 35a, 59 and 44
(Lantana) Geranyl acetate, Fusarium solani and 33 mm
Terpinyl acetate, Candida albicans
Bornyl acetate and
D-limonene
Leaves Dichloro methane Aspergillus niger, Candida 500c and 26
and methanol extract albicans and Saccharomyces 1000 µg/ml
cerevisiae
380 Natural Product Radiance
General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Laurus nobilis Linn. Lauraceae Leaves Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger 5c mg/ml 31
(Sweet Bay) and Candida albicans
Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Leaves Cold water extract Rhizoctonia solani 49b % 30
Linn. (Henna)
Lithospermum Boraginaceae Dried root Propionylshikonin, Cladosporium 15.1a, 13.4, 45
erythrorhizon Siebold Acetylshikonin, herbarum 15.9 and
& Zucc. (Red-root Shikonin and β- 17.6 mm
lithospermum) hydroxyiso-
valerylshikonin
Lycopodium cernuum Lycopodiaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Linn. (Creeping club)
Melaleuca Myrtaceae Leaves Essential oil Candida albicans, 11.3a, 12.7, 36
leucadendron Linn. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 47.0 and
syn. M. lancifolia Torulopsis utilis and 20.3 mm
Turcz. (Tea tree) Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae Fruit and Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger 12.5c and 31
Linn. (Lemon balm) Leaves and Candida albicans 25 mg/ml
Mentha piperita Lamiaceae Whole plant Essential oil Candida albicans, 16.0a, 13.0, 36
Linn. emend. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 13.3 and
Huds. (Peppermint) Torulopsis utilis and 17.0 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Seed Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 5c mg/ml 31
Candida albicans
Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae Leaves Essential oil Aspergillus flavus 1000c ppm 29
Linn. syn. M. lucida Benth.
(Brimstone tree)
Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Leaves Dichloro methane Candida albicans 500c µg/ml 26
(Linn.) Jack syn. M. exotica and Methanol
(Kamini) extract
Nardostachys Valerianaceae Rhizome Dichloro methane Candida albicans 500c and 26
jatamansi DC. and methanol extract 1000 µg/ml
(Indian Nard)
Neonauclea pallida Rubiaceae Bark Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
Merr.
Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Leaves Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 46b % 30
Linn. (Holy Basil)
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General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Shoots Water extract Aspergillus niger and 31.0b and 24
Linn. (Indian sorrel) Pestalotiopsis theae 10.7 %
Parthenium Asteraceae Leaves Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 53.7b % 30
hysterophorus Linn.
(Carrot grass)
Peperomia pellucida Piperaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
H.B. & K. (Shiny bush)
Peristrophe bivalvis Acanthaceae Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 8a mm 28
Merrill syn. P. tinctoria
Nees
Perilla frutescens Lamiaceae Leaves Essential oil Gaeumonnomyces 150c µg/ml 46
(Linn.) Britt. (Perilla) graminis var. tritici
and Rhizoctonia
cerealis
Phyllanthus debilis Euphorbiaceae Shoots Water extract Pestalotiopsis theae 16.8b % 24
Willd. (Niruri)
Phyllanthus -do- Aerial part Dichloro methane Candida albicans 1000c and 26
maderaspatensis Linn. and methanol 500 µg/ml
extract
Pinus strobes Linn. Pinaceae Bark Acetone: Hexane: Lenzites trabea 99.87b % 33
(White pine) Water extract
Piper betle Linn. (Betel) Piperaceae Leaves Cold water extract Rhizoctonia solani 27.6b % 30
Piper nigrum Linn. -do- Seed Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 12.5c mg/ml 31
(Black pepper) Candida albicans
Piper porphyrophyllum -do- Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 7a mm 28
N.E. Br.
Piper stylosum Miq. -do- Whole plant Methanol extract Candida albicans 8a mm 28
Polyalthia lateriflora Annonaceae Leaves Methanol extract Candida albicans 10a mm 28
Kurz
Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Leaves Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 50.4b % 30
Pierre syn. P. glabra Vent.
Prosopis juliflora DC. Mimosaceae Leaves Hot water extract Rhizoctonia solani 77.4b % 30
(Algaroba)
382 Natural Product Radiance
General Article
Botanical and Family Plant Test medium Test fungi Antifungal Ref.
Common names part (s) potency No.
Putranjiva roxburghii Euphorbiaceae Leaves Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
Wall. and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
Quercus rubra Linn. Fagaceae Bark Acetone, hexane and Lenzites trabea 99.0b % 33
(Red oak) Water bark extract
Ratibida mexicana Asteraceae Root Isoallolantolactone Pythium, Fusarium 125c, 200 34
(S. Watson) Sharp and Elema-1,3,11- and Helminthosporium and <=50 µg/ml
trien-8,12-olide
Randia spinosa Poir. Rubiaceae Fruit Dichloro methane Candida albicans 500c, 1000 26
syn. R. dumetorum Poir. and Methanol Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1000 µg/ml
extract and Aspergillus niger
Rhus coriaria Linn. Anacardiaceae Leaves Ethanol extract Aspergillus niger and 15c µg/ml 31
(Sicilian sumac) Candida albicans
Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae Whole plant Essential oil Candida albicans, Saccharomyces 6.7a, 12.3, 9.7 36
Linn. (Rosemary) cerevisiae, Torulopsis utilis and and 16.3 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Ruta graveolens Linn. Rutaceae Leaves Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 1000c and 26
(Sadap) and methanol Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 µg/ml
extract
Salicornia brachiata Chenopodiaceae Whole plant Aqueous Aspergillus niger 3-5a mm 47
Roxb. methanolic extract
Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae Whole plant Essential oil Candida albicans, 11.0a, 9.0, 36
Linn. (Sage) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 12.7 and
Torulopsis utilis and 15.7 mm
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Scorodocarpus Olacaceae Fruit 2,4,5,7- Candida albicans, 50c / 50 / > 48
borneensis Becc. Tetrathiaoctane, 4, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 100, 50 /
(Wood garlic) 4-dioxide, 5-Thioxo- Mucor racemosus and 50/>100,
2,4,6-Trithiaheptane Aspergillus niger 50 / 25 / >
2,2-dioxide and 100 and 50/
O-ethyl S-Methyl- 50 / >100 µg/ml
thiomethyl
thiosulfite
Sesbania sesban Fabaceae Leaves Dichloro methane Candida albicans and 500c and 26
Merrill syn. S. aegyptiaca and methanol extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000 µg/ml
Pers.
Solanum indicum Solanaceae Fruit Dichloro methane Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1000c and 26
Linn. (Indian nightshade) and methanol extract and Aspergillus niger 500 µg/ml
Vol 7(4) July-August 2008 383