Policing (Justice Series) (The Justice Series)

272 Pages·09.912 MB·English

by  John L. Worrall & Frank Schmalleger

POLICING
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John L. Worrall
Professor of Criminology
University of Texas at Dallas
Frank Schmalleger
Distinguished Professor Emeritus
University of North Carolina at Pembroke
330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Worrall, John L., author. | Schmalleger, Frank, author.
Title: Policing / John L. Worrall, Frank Schmalleger.
Description: Third edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2018] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016039884 | ISBN 9780134441924 (alk. paper) |
ISBN 0134441923 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Police—United States. | Law enforcement—United States. |
Criminal justice, Administration of—United States.
Classification: LCC HV8139 .W67 2018 | DDC 363.2/30973—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039884
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-444192-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-444192-4
SVE ISBN 10: 0-13-445360-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-445360-6
Dedication
For Margie Malan. Thanks
for your constant love and
support.
J. L. W.
For law enforcement officers
everywhere. Thanks for all
that you do and for the risks
that you take so the rest of
us don’t have to.
F. S.
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Brief Contents
Part 1 Foundations
CHAPTER 1 Origins and Evolution of American Policing 1
CHAPTER 2 Policing in the American Context 15
CHAPTER 3 Law Enforcement Agencies and Their Organization 36
Part 2 a Career in Policing
CHAPTER 4 Becoming a Cop 57
CHAPTER 5 Police Subculture 75
CHAPTER 6 Police Discretion and Behavior 92
Part 3 On the Job
CHAPTER 7 Core Police Functions 110
CHAPTER 8 Community Policing and Community Involvement 129
CHAPTER 9 Policing in the Modern Era 146
Part 4 Legal Issues
CHAPTER 10 Policing and the Law 167
CHAPTER 11 Civil Liability and Accountability 186
Part 5 Challenges
CHAPTER 12 Deviance, Ethics, and Professionalism 203
CHAPTER 13 The Use of Force 220
v
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Contents
PREFACE xiii
Part 1 Foundations
CHAPTER 1 Origins and Evolution of American Policing 1
The Origins of Policing 2
From Private to Public Policing 2
The Influence of the English Model 3
Policing Comes to America 3
Policing Eras 6
The Political Era 6
The Community Era 8
A New Era? 9
Beyond Local Law Enforcement 10
The Emergence of State Agencies 10
The First Federal Agencies 10
THE CASE: Building a Better Police Department 11
Summary and Key Concepts 12
References 13
CHAPTER 2 Policing in the American Context 15
Policing in American Government 16
Policing in a Democracy 16
Policing and Federalism 17
The Police Organizational Environment 18
The Community 18
Government Officials 20
The Media 24
Other Law Enforcement Agencies 26
Police as a Piece of the Criminal Justice Puzzle 27
The Criminal Justice Process 27
Relationships with Prosecutors 28
Relationships with Corrections Officials 29
THE CASE: Judicial Control over Police Practice 30
Summary and Key Concepts 32
References 33
vii
CHAPTER 3 Law Enforcement Agencies
and Their Organization 36
Agencies of Law Enforcement 37
How Many Are There? 37
Federal Agencies 37
State Agencies 44
Local Agencies 47
The Organization of Law Enforcement Agencies 48
How Police Departments Differ from Other Organizations 48
Traditional and Contemporary Organization 49
Private Policing and Security 50
Private Security versus Private Policing 51
Private Policing versus Public Policing 51
Controversies in Private Policing 52
THE CASE: Joe Arpaio, “America’s Toughest Sheriff” 53
Summary and Key Concepts 54
References 55
Part 2 a Career in Policing
CHAPTER 4 Becoming a Cop 57
Hiring and Training 58
The Hiring Decision 58
The Academy and Field Training 60
The Academy 61
Field Training and Development 61
Diversity and Discrimination 63
Equal Employment Opportunity 63
Reverse Discrimination: A Backlash? 65
Realities of the Job 66
Stress 66
Fatigue 67
Sexual Harassment 68
THE CASE: Too Smart to Be a Cop? 69
Summary and Key Concepts 70
References 71
CHAPTER 5 Police Subculture 75
Culture: What Is It? 76
Culture versus Subculture 76
Elements of Culture 76
Sources of Police Subculture 78
Organizational Factors 79
The Street Environment 79
viii Contents
Administration 80
Other Criminal Justice Agencies 80
The Media 80
Components of Police Subculture 81
Control of Territory 81
Use of Force 82
Danger, Unpredictability, and Suspicion 83
Solidarity 85
Other Components of Police Subculture 86
THE CASE: Police Subculture and Officer Stress 88
Summary and Key Concepts 89
References 90
CHAPTER 6 Police Discretion and Behavior 92
Defining Discretion 93
Classic Studies of Police Discretion 94
The Pros and Cons of Police Discretion 97
Discretion and Seniority 97
Explaining Police Behavior 98
The Universalistic Perspective 98
The Particularistic Perspective 98
Socialization or Predisposition? 100
Police Decision Making 100
Organizational Factors 100
Neighborhood Factors 101
Situational Factors 101
Individual Officer Characteristics 103
THE CASE: Depolicing and Rising Crime 105
Summary and Key Concepts 106
References 107
Part 3 On the Job
CHAPTER 7 Core Police Functions 110
The Police Mission 111
Patrol 112
Types of Patrol 112
The Response Role 115
The Traffic Function 116
Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance 119
Managing Disorder and Quality-of-Life Issues 119
Civil Disobedience and Crisis Situations 119
Investigations 120
The Evolution of Investigations 121
Contents ix