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This page intentionally left blank PLATO The Symposium CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Series editors KARL AMERIKS Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame DESMOND M. CLARKE Professor of Philosophy at University College Cork ThemainobjectiveofCambridgeTextsintheHistoryofPhilosophyistoexpandthe range, variety, and quality of texts in the history of philosophy which are available in English.Theseriesincludestextsbyfamiliarnames(suchasDescartesandKant)and alsobylesswell-knownauthors.Whereverpossible,textsarepublishedincompleteand unabridged form, and translations are specially commissioned for the series. Each volumecontainsacriticalintroductiontogetherwithaguidetofurtherreadingandany necessary glossaries and textual apparatus. The volumes are designed for student use atundergraduateandpostgraduatelevelandwillbeofinterestnotonlytostudentsof philosophy,butalsotoawideraudienceofreadersinthehistoryofscience,thehistory oftheology, andthe history ofideas. For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book. PLATO The Symposium edited by M. C. HOWATSON St.Anne’sCollege,Oxford FRISBEE C. C. SHEFFIELD King’sCollege,London translated by M. C. HOWATSON CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB28RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521864404 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-40125-1 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN-13 978-0-521-86440-4 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-68298-5 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Introduction page vii Chronology xxix Further reading xxxii Translator’s note xxxiv The Symposium (‘The Drinking Party’) 1 Glossary of Greek words 64 Glossary of names 70 Index of subjects 90 v Introduction 1 Plato’swritingsaretypicallyintheformofdialoguesinwhichSocrates (born 469 BC) discusses philosophical questions with other characters 2 ofhisday. Mostofthesearebasedonknownhistoricalfigures,butthe dialogues are not factual accounts; they are fictional, and often richly dramatic, products of Plato’s philosophical imagination. The Symposium is aparticularly dramatic work.It is setatthehouse ofAgathon,atragic poetcelebratinghisrecentvictoryin416BCatoneofthegreatdramatic 3 festivals. Thosepresentareamongsttheintellectualeliteoftheday.They includeanexponentofheroicpoetry(Phaedrus),anexpertinthelawsof various Greek states (Pausanias), a representative of medical expertise (Eryximachus),acomicpoet(Aristophanes)andaphilosopher(Socrates). 4 The guests participate in a symposium, a drinking party for aristocratic circles,onthisoccasiondesignedtohonourAgathon’svictory.Eachguest 5 deliversaspeechinpraiseoferos,‘passionatelove’,or‘desire’. Thefinal speechisdeliveredbyAlcibiades,anotoriousassociateofSocrates,who talksopenlyabouthisloveforSocrates,inparticular.Theconversationis disruptedbyagroupofdrunkenrevellers,butSocratescontinuestotalk wayintothenightashetriestopersuadeAristophanesandAgathonthat 1 Forallnames,suchasSocrateshere,seeGlossaryofnames. 2 Platowasbornsometimeinthe420s. 3 AlthoughweknowAgathondidwinatheatricalcompetitionin416BC,andthattheguestsare realhistoricalfigures,thereisnohistoricalevidenceforacelebrationofthesortPlatodescribes intheSymposium.Theworkitselfisbelievedtohavebeencomposedsometimebetween385BC and370BC.Fordiscussionofthedateofcomposition,seeH.Mattingly‘ThedateofPlato’s Symposium’,Phronesis(1958)3:31–9andK.Dover‘ThedateofPlato’sSymposium’,Phronesis (1965)10:2–20. 4 Symposiumliterallymeans‘drinkingtogether’. 5 ForallGreektermsmentionedintheIntroduction,suchaseroshere,seeGlossary. vii Introduction the same author should be able to compose both comedy and tragedy. TheeventsofthisgatheringareretoldsomeyearslaterbyApollodorus, another Socratic intimate, whose love for Socrates has led him to memorisetheentireoccasion byheart. Thedramaticaspectsofthisworkarenotlimitedtothelivelysetting and rich characterisation. During the time between Agathon’s drinking partyanditsrecollectionbyApollodorus,theAthenianshadlostsomeof the confidence shown here by Agathon and his peers. Just a year after Agathon’s victory, Alcibiades had persuaded the Athenians to embark on the doomed Sicilian expedition. The Athenian defeat here marked a turningpointinanalreadybitterstrugglewithSparta(thePeloponnesian War). Tworeligiousscandalsalsotooktheirtoll:theso-calledprofanation 6 (i.e.parodying)ofthesacredMysteriesandthemutilationoftheherms. Since those involved in this desecration were from the Athenian aristo- cracy, it was widely held that the perpetrators were trying to undermine the democratic government. One of these events was believed to have been committed by a group of rowdy symposiasts after an event much likeAgathon’ssymposiumdescribed here,andamongstthose accused of involvementwereAlcibiadesandPhaedrusandverypossiblyEryximachus. Theinclusionofthesefigures atadialoguesetatasymposium,andthe recollectionofthisoccasionaftertheseeventshadalreadyoccurred,invites the reader to consider these characters on the brink of their impending tragedy. The lives and loves they reveal in their speeches may well be Plato’s contribution to apost-war debate aboutsuchmatters. Eros and education Thespeechesabouteroseachmakeaverydistinctivecontribution toan understanding of the nature of human desire and the aim of loving relationships. Although this topic may not be prominent with many philosopherstoday,norsettingtheirworkatadrinkingparty,thesefeatures ofthislivelydialoguewill,infact,takeusdeepintotheseriousbusinessof Plato’sethics.AmongmembersoftheAthenianeliteduringthefifthand fourth centuriesrelationships betweenan older male lover (erastes) and a youngermalebeloved(eromenos)werenotuncommon.Typicallyinsuch relationshipsanolderpartnersoughtsexualfavoursfromayouthonthe 6 SeeGlossaryofnamesfordetailsoftheseevents. viii

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"Plato's Symposium, written in the early part of the fourth century BC, is set at a drinking party (symposium) attended by some of the leading intellectuals of the day, including Aristophanes, the comic dramatist, Socrates, Plato's mentor, and Alcibiadies, the brilliant but (eventually) treacherous