Plant Resource Allocation (Physiological Ecology)

319 Pages·1997·15.16 MB·English

by  Fakhri A. Bazzaz

Plant Resource Allocation
This is a volume in the
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY series
Edited by Harold A. Mooney
A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume.
Plant Resource Allocation
Edited by
Fakhri A. Bazzaz
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
Harvard University
The Biological Laboratories
Cambridge, Massachusetts
John Grace
Institute of Ecology & Resource Management
School of Forestry & Ecological Sciences
The University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH9 3JU, United Kingdom
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Cover photo credit: Rich Knavel (Sequoia tree).
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plant resource allocation / edited by Fakhri A. Bazzaz, John Grace.
p. cm. -- (Physiological ecology series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-12-083490-1
1. Plant resource allocation. I. Bazzaz, F. A. (Fakhri A.)
II. Grace, J. (John), date. III. Series: Physiological ecology.
QK717.P58 1997
581.7--dc21 97-12027
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
97 98 99 00 01 02 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1. Allocation of Resources in Plants: State of the Science and
Critical Questions
Fakhri A. Bazzaz
I. The Plant Functions as a Balanced System: Flexibility
of Mlocation 1
II. Controls on Carbohydrate Manufacture and Mlocation: The Role
of Nitrogen 4
III. Currency of Mlocation and Costs of Construction: Keeping Track of
Total Carbon Flux 7
IV. The Mlocation of Resources Other Than Mass: Are N, P, K, Mg, and
Others Mlocated as a Fixed Proportion of Mass or Carbon? 8
V. Physiological and Demographic Costs: Are They Separable? 10
VI. Mlocation and Resource Congruency 12
VII. Switching from Vegetative Growth to Reproduction: Size, Mass,
or Age? 12
VIII. Resource Mlocation to Reproduction: Quantity and Quality 16
IX. Clonal Plants and Mlocation: Are There Trade-offs between Sexual
and Asexual Reproduction? 18
X. Allocation to Defensive Chemicals 22
XI. Mlocation in a Globally Changing Environment 27
References 30
2. The Fate of Acquired Carbon in Plants: Chemical
Composition and Construction Costs
Hendrik Poorter and Rafael Villar
I. Introduction 39
II. Integration Level 40
III. Chemical Composition 41
IV. Covariation in Plant Compounds 46
V. Mechanistic Explanations for Variation in Chemical
Composition 50
VI. Construction Costs 53
VII. Ecological Consequences 62
VIII. Summary 63
IX. Appendix 1 64
vi Contents
X. Appendix 2 66
References 68
3. Resource Allocation in Variable Environments:
Comparing Insects and Plants
Carol L. Boggs
I. Introduction 73
II. Background: Resource Allocation within an Individual 75
III. Age-Specific Allocation Responses to Variable Environments 77
IV. Individual Allocation Responses to Variable Environments 82
V. Among-Population Responses to Variable Environments 85
VI. Conclusions 89
References 89
4. Biomass Allocation and Water Use under Arid Conditions
Hermann Heilmeier, Markus Erhard, and E.-Detlef Schulze
I. Introduction 93
II. The Special Case of Woody Plants 94
III. A Semicontrolled Experiment on Biomass Allocation and Water Use
under Different Water Availabilities with Prunus dulcis 96
IV. Conclusions 107
References 109
5. Organ Preformation, Development, and Resource Allocation
in Perennials
Monica A. Geber, Maxine A. Watson, and Hans de Kroon
I. Introduction 113
II. Organ Preformation in Plants 115
III. Demographic Implications of Developmental Variation 120
IV. Matrix Model 127
V. Conclusions 135
References 137
6. Optimality Approaches to Resource Allocation in
Woody Tissues
R. M. Sibly and J. F. V. Vincent
I. Introduction 143
II. Life-History Analysis and the Optimality Approach 144
III. Costs of Lignification in Early Seedling Growth 146
IV. Benefits of Lignification in the Horizontal Branches of Trees 151
V. General Discussion 154
VI. Conclusions 155
VII. Appendix 1 156
VIII. Appendix 2 157
References 158
Contents vii
7. Resource Allocation Patterns in Clonal Herbs and Their
Consequences for Growth
Michael J. Hutchings
I. Introduction 161
II. Interpretation of Data on Resource Mlocation Patterns 163
III. Resource Allocation Patterns of Clonal Species in Homogeneous
Growing Conditions 164
IV. Resource Allocation Patterns in Clonal Species Growing under
Heterogeneous Conditions 174
V. Consequences of Localized Responses by Clonal Herbs to
Heterogeneous Habitat Conditions 179
VI. Conclusions 185
References 186
8. Trade-offs between Reproduction and Growth Influence Time
of Reproduction
Edward G. Reekie
I. Introduction 191
II. Theoretical Models 194
III. Growth after the Induction of Reproduction 195
IV. Effect of Reproduction on Growth in Monocarpic Plants 196
V. Implications for Mlocation Patterns 203
VI. Conclusions 206
References 206
9. Size-Dependent Allocation to Male and Female Reproduction
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer and 7. J. de Jong
I. Introduction 211
II. Fitness Gain Curves in Animal-Pollinated Plants 213
III. Plant Size and Gender in Cynoglossum officinale 215
IV. Causal Explanations for Increasing Femaleness with Plant Size 218
V. Is the Sex Mlocation Pattern Found in Cynoglossum officinale
Representative for Other Hermaphrodite Animal-Pollinated
Monocarpic Plants? 221
VI. Is Increased Emphasis on Female Reproduction with Plant Size in
Insect-Pollinated Plants Adaptive? A Comparison between Animal-
and Wind-Pollinated Plants 224
References 226
10. Allocation, Leaf Display, and Growth in Fluctuating Light
Environments
David Ackerly
I. Introduction 231
II. Rate and Pattern Response Following an Environmental
Change 237
VIII Contents
III. Plant Growth and Mlocation in Fluctuating Light
Environments 244
IV. Tracking a Randomly Varying Environment 254
V. Conclusions and Speculations 257
VI. Appendix 261
References 262
11. Allocation Theory and Chemical Defense
Manuel Lerdau and Jonathon Gershenzon
I. Life History and Ecophysiological Models 265
II. Total Cost Calculations 269
III. Full Costs and Constitutive versus Induced Defenses 273
IV. Summary 274
References 275
12. Toward Models of Resource Allocation by Plants
John Grace
I. Introduction 279
II. Functional Equilibrium Models 281
III. Can the Most Simple Models Be Useful? 282
IV. Rules for Mlocation to Wood 286
V. Remaining Difficulties 288
References 289
Index 293
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
David Ackerly (231), Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univer-
sity, Stanford, California 94305
Fakhri A. Bazzaz (1), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,
Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138
Carol L. Boggs (73), Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Bio-
logical Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; and
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224
T. J. de Jong (211), Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences,
University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Hans de Kroon (113), Department of Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Con-
servation, Agricultural University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Nether-
lands
Markus Erhard (93), Department of Plant Ecology, University Bayreuth,
D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
MonicaA. Geber (113), Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, New York 14853
Jonathon Gershenzon (265), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology,
Washington State University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman,
Washington 99164
John Grace (279), Institute of Ecology & Resource Management, School
of Forestry & Ecological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edin-
burgh EH9 3JU, United Kingdom
Hermann Heilmeier (93), Department of Plant Ecology, University Bay-
reuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
Michael J. Hutchings (161), School of Biological Sciences, University of
Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer (211), Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological
Sciences, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Manuel Lerdau (265), Department of Ecology and Evolution, State Univer-
sity of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
Hendrik Poorter (39), Department of Plan t Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,
Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands