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Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Editedby T.Nagata(ManagingEditor) H.Lörz J.M.Widholm Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Volumesalreadypublishedandinpreparationarelistedattheendofthisbook. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 57 Plant Metabolomics Editedby K.Saito,R.A.Dixon,andL.Willmitzer With96Figures,29inColor,and10Tables 123 SeriesEditors ProfessorDr.ToshiyukiNagata UniversityofTokyo GraduateSchoolofScience DepartmentofBiologicalSciences 7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033,Japan ProfessorDr.HorstLörz ProfessorDr.JackM.Widholm UniversitätHamburg UniversityofIllinois BiozentrumKleinFlottbek 285AE.R.MadiganLaboratory ZentrumfürAngewandteMolekularbiologie DepartmentofCropSciences derPflanzen(AMPII) 1201W.Gregory Ohnhorststraße18 Urbana,IL61801,USA 22609Hamburg,Germany VolumeEditors ProfessorDr.KazukiSaito ChibaUniversity GraduateSchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences Yayoi-cho1-33,Inage-ku Chiba263-8522,Japan; RIKENPlantScienceCenter Yokohama230-0045,Japan ProfessorDr.RichardA.Dixon ProfessorDr.LotharWillmitzer PlantBiologyDivision MaxPlanckInstitute SamuelRobertsNobleFoundation ofMolecularPlantPhysiology 2510SamNobleParkway AmMühlenberg1 Ardmore,OK73401,USA 14476Golm,Germany LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005936763 ISSN0934-943X ISBN-103-540-29781-2SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13978-3-540-29781-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsreserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned, specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction onmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereof ispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrent version,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliableforprosecution undertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Editor:Dr.DieterCzeschlik,Heidelberg,Germany DeskEditor:Dr.AndreaSchlitzberger,Heidelberg,Germany Coverdesign:design&productionGmbH,Heidelberg,Germany Typesettingandproduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig,Germany Printedonacid-freepaper 31/3152 543210 Preface Metabolomics is a rapidly-emerging sector of post-genome research. The metabolome (a set of all metabolites of an organism) represents not only theultimatephenotypeofcellsbytheperturbationofgeneexpressionandthe modulationofproteinfunctionscausedbytheenvironmentormutations,but themetabolomecanalsofeedbackongeneexpressionandproteinfunction. Therefore,metabolomicsplaysakeyroleforunderstandingcellularsystems. Metabolomicsisappliedtoavarietyofbiologicalfieldsfrommedicalscience toagriculture.Nevertheless,metabolomicsresearchisparticularlyimportant intheplantfieldbecauseplantscollectivelyproduceahugevarietyofchemical compounds, far more than animals and even microorganisms. The number of all metabolites in the plant kingdom is estimated at 200,000 or more. In addition, most of the human-beneficial properties of plants, be they foods, medicinalresources,orindustrialrawmaterials,areascribedtoplantmetabo- lites. Thisbookaimstoreviewthecurrentstatusofplantmetabolomicsresearch. Sincemetabolomicsitselfisanewfield,nosuchcomprehensivebookhasyet beenpublished.Thechaptersaredividedintothreesections:analyticaltech- nology,bioinformatics,andapplications.Theserepresentthreemajorelements of metabolomics research. Each chapter provides cutting-edge information contributedbyleadingresearchersfromthroughouttheworld. Wehopethatthisbookwillbealandmarkforplantmetabolomicsresearch into the future and will give beneficial guidance to graduate students and researchersinacademia,industry,andtechnologytransferorganizations.Since metabolomicsisstillagrowingdiscipline,furthertechnologydevelopmentin chemical analysis and bioinformatics will be required. We look forward to breakthrough technology innovations in metabolomics, and yet unforeseen findingsandapplicationsinplantscience. Finally,wewouldliketoacknowledgeourcontributorswhohaveenthusias- ticallyputtheireffortstoensurethehighscientificqualityofthisvolume.We alsowouldliketothankourcolleaguesatSpringer. January2006 KazukiSaito, RichardA.Dixon, andLotharWillmitzer Contents SectionI AnalyticalTechnology I.1 GasChromatographyMassSpectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 J.Kopka 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 GC-MSProfilingTechnologyinaNutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 ShortExcursionintoNomenclatureandDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 PresentChallengesofGC-MSProfiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 I.2 CurrentStatusandForwardLookingThoughts onLC/MSMetabolomics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 L.W.Sumner 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 ChromatographyTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 LimitationsofCurrentMetabolicProfilingApproaches andProposedSolutionstoAdvanceMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 FutureDirectionsandForward-LookingThoughts.. . . . . . . . . . . . 28 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 I.3 PlantMetabolomicsStrategiesBaseduponQuadrupoleTime ofFlightMassSpectrometry(QTOF-MS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 H.A.Verhoeven,C.H.RicdeVos,R.J.Bino,andR.D.Hall 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2 TheTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3 DataAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 ApplicationofQTOFMS-basedPlantMetabolomicsAnalyses . . . . 38 5 ConclusionsandFutureProspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 VIII Contents I.4 CapillaryHPLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 T.Ikegami,E.Fukusaki,andN.Tanaka 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2 MonolithicSilicaColumnsforMicroHPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3 ApplicationsofMonolithicSilicaColumnstoMetabolomics.. . . . . 54 4 Two-DimensionalHPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5 CombinationofReversed-PhaseHPLC andOtherSeparationModes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 I.5 CapillaryHPLCCoupledtoElectrosprayIonization QuadrupoleTime-of-flightMassSpectrometry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 S.Clemens,C.Böttcher,M.Franz,E.Willscher, E.v.Roepenack-Lahaye,andD.Scheel 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2 Extraction,ChromatographyandMassSpectrometry. . . . . . . . . . . 67 3 PotentialandLimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4 ConclusionsandOutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 I.6 NMRSpectroscopyinPlantMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 J.L.WardandM.H.Beale 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2 High-throughputScreeningby1D1H-NMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3 DataAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 Two-dimensionalNMR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5 StableIsotopeLabelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6 HyphenatedNMR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7 Discussion:ApplyingNMRtoPlantMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 I.7 Hetero-nuclearNMR-basedMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 J.KikuchiandT.Hirayama 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2 HistoricalAspectsofNMRStudiesofPlantMetabolism . . . . . . . . . 93 3 1H-NMR-basedMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4 UseofStableIsotopeLabelingTechniquetoEnableMonitoring oftheDynamicMovementofMetabolites.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5 ApproachforHetero-nuclearNMR-basedMetabolomics . . . . . . . . 95 6 ProspectsfortheFuture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Contents IX SectionII Bioinformatics II.1 BioinformaticsApproachestoIntegrateMetabolomics andOtherSystemsBiologyData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 B.MehrotraandP.Mendes 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3 DataVisualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4 DataAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 II.2 ChemometricsinMetabolomics–AnIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 J.Trygg,J.Gullberg,A.I.Johansson,P.Jonsson,andT.Moritz 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 2 TheoryandMethods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3 Example:MetabolomicsStudyonArabidopsisMutants . . . . . . . . . 125 4 SummaryandFutureProspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 II.3 MapEditorfortheAtomicReconstructionofMetabolism(ARM) . 129 M.Arita,Y.Fujiwara,andY.Nakanishi 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 2 DefinitionofMetabolicInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3 MetabolicMapEditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 II.4 AraCyc:OverviewofanArabidopsisMetabolismDatabase anditsApplicationsforPlantResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 S.Y.Rhee,P.Zhang,H.Foerster,andC.Tissier 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2 DatabaseContent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3 Search,Browse,andAnalyzeFunctionalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4 ApplicationsofAraCyc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5 CurrentIssuesandFutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 II.5 KaPPA-View:AToolforIntegratingTranscriptomic andMetabolomicDataonPlantMetabolicPathwayMaps. . . . . . . . 155 T.Tokimatsu,N.Sakurai,H.Suzuki,andD.Shibata 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 2 GeneralFeaturesoftheKaPPA-ViewTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 X Contents 3 PlantMetabolicPathwayMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 4 IntegrationofTranscriptomicandMetabolomicData onPathwayMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 5 ComparisonwithOtherDatabasesandTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6 LimitationsandFutureImprovements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 II.6 KNApSAcK:AComprehensiveSpecies-Metabolite RelationshipDatabase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Y.Shinbo,Y.Nakamura,M.Altaf-Ul-Amin,H.Asahi, K.Kurokawa,M.Arita,K.Saito,D.Ohta,D.Shibata, andS.Kanaya 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2 SearchOptionsoftheKNApSAcKDatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3 StatisticsoftheDatabase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4 ClassificationBasedonCommonMetabolites.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 5 ConclusionandRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6 AccesstoKNApSAcK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 SectionIII Applications III.1 SystemsBiology:ARenaissanceoftheTop-downApproach forPlantAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 F.Carrari,N.Schauer,L.Willmitzer,andA.R.Fernie 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2 Re-emergenceofTop-downThinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 3 SystemsBiologyinNon-plantSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4 SystemsBiologyinPlantSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 5 DynamicProfilinginPlantCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 III.2 Systems-basedAnalysisofPlantMetabolismbyIntegration ofMetabolomicswithTranscriptomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 M.Y.Hirai,T.Tohge,andK.Saito 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2 UnderstandingWholePlantMetabolism–OurAimsandStrategy . 199 3 MetabolomeandTranscriptomeAnalyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4 StudiesonSulfurMetabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5 StudiesonAnthocyaninMetabolism.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Contents XI 6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 III.3 TargetedProfilingofFattyAcidsandRelatedMetabolites . . . . . . . . 211 T.R.LarsonandI.A.Graham 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 2 MetaboliteProfilingTechniquesUsedtoStudyPlantLipid Metabolism.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 3 FutureDevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 III.4 MetabolicProfilingandQuantificationofCarotenoids andRelatedIsoprenoidsinCropPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 P.D.FraserandP.M.Bramley 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 2 AnalyticalMethodologiesEmployedintheAnalysis ofCarotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 3 ExamplesofCarotenoid/isoprenoidProfiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 III.5 MetabolomicsandGeneIdentification inPlantNaturalProductPathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 R.A.Dixon,L.Achnine,B.E.Deavours,andM.Naoumkina 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 2 GeneDiscovery–PastandPresentStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 3 EnzymePromiscuityinNaturalProductPathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 4 ExamplesoftheUseofMetabolomicsintheElucidation ofGeneFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5 SingleCellorIsolatedTissueMetabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 III.6 MetabolomicAnalysisofCatharanthusroseus UsingNMRandPrincipalComponentAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 H.K.Kim,Y.H.Choi,andR.Verpoorte 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 2 ExperimentalConsiderationforMetabolomicsUsingNMR . . . . . . 262 3 ApplicationofNMRforPlantMetabolome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 4 PrincipalComponentAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 5 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

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