Pilgrimage and tourism to holy cities : ideological and management perspectives

206 Pages·2017·5.312 MB·English

by  Maria Leppakari, Kevin A. Griffin

P T H C
ilgrimage and ourism To oly iTies
Ideological and Management Perspectives
CABI RelIgIous TouRIsm And PIlgRImAge seRIes
General Editors:
Dr Razaq Raj, Leeds Business School, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
Dr Kevin Griffin, School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of
Technology, Ireland
This series examines the practical applications, models and illustrations of reli-
gious tourism and pilgrimage management from a variety of international perspec-
tives. Pilgrimage is not only a widespread and important practice in Islam, Judaism and
Christianity, but also in other major religious traditions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and
Sikhism.
The series explores the emergence and trajectories of religious tourism and pil-
grimage. Inclusive of all denominations, religions, faiths and spiritual practices, it covers
evaluations of religious tourism and pilgrimage, management guides, economic reports
and sets of represented actions and behaviours within various cultural, management and
marketing contexts. A key strength of the series is the presentation of current and diverse
empirical research insights on aspects of religious tourism and pilgrimage, juxtaposing
this with state-of-the-art reflections on the emerging theoretical foundations of the subject
matter.
The series illustrates the principles related to religion, pilgrimage and the manage-
ment of tourist sites. It aims to provide a useful resource for researchers and students of
the subject, and increase understanding of this vital aspect of tourism studies.
P T
ilgrimage and ourism To
H C
oly iTies
Ideological and Management
Perspectives
Edited by
Maria Leppäkari
Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem and Åbo Akademi
University, Finland
and
Kevin Griffin
Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
Nosworthy Way 745 Atlantic Avenue
Wallingford 8th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cabi.org
© CAB International 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Leppäkari, Maria, editor. | Griffin, Kevin A., editor.
Title: Pilgrimage and tourism to holy cities : ideological and management
perspectives / edited by Maria Leppäkari, Swedish Theological Institute
in Jerusalem & Åbo Akademi University, Finland, and Kevin Griffin, Dublin
Institute of Technology, Ireland.
Description: Boston, MA : CAB International, 2016. | Series: CABI religious
tourism and pilgrimage series | Includes bibliographical referenc4650es
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016029185 | ISBN 9781780647388 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Pilgrims and pilgrimages. | Pilgrims and pilgrimages--Social
aspects. | Tourism--Religious aspects. | Tourism--Management.
Classification: LCC BL619.P5 P5197 2016 | DDC 203/.51--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016029185
ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 738 8
Commissioning editor: Claire Parfitt
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann and Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: Lauren Povey
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
Contributors vii
IntroductIon
1 Western Holy Cities and Places – An Introduction 3
Maria Leppäkari and Kevin Griffin
Part I. Western PIlgrImage to Holy cItIes In JudaIsm,
cHrIstIanIty and Islam
2 Judaism – Jewish and Israeli Pilgrimage Experience: Constructing
National Identity 13
Motti Inbari
3 Christianity – Contemporary Christian Pilgrimage and
Traditional Management Practices at Sacred Sites 24
Vreny Enongene and Kevin Griffin
4 Christianity – Christian Pilgrimage to Sacred Sites in
the Holy Land: A Swedish Perspective 43
Göran Gunner
5 Islam – Contemporary Perspectives 59
Razaq Raj and Irfan Raja
6 Islam – Spiritual Journey in Islam: The Qur’anic Cognitive Model 71
Tariq Elhadary
v
vi Contents
Part II. managIng PIlgrImage sItes In Holy cItIes
7 Pilgrimage Policy Management: Between Shrine Strategy and
Ritual Improvisation 87
Simon Coleman
8 The Management of Pilgrims with Malevolent Behaviour
in a Holy Space: A Study of Jerusalem Syndrome 100
Moshe Kalian and Eliezer Witztum
9 Logistics at Holy Sites 113
Anna Trono
10 Protestants and Pilgrimages: The Protestant Infrastructure
in Jerusalem 129
Yaakov Ariel
11 The Impact of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’s Campaign
on Yezidi Religious Structures and Pilgrimage Practices 144
Ibrahim Al-Marashi
12 Ambassadors for the Kingdom: Evangelical Volunteers in
Israel as Long-term Pilgrims 156
Aron Engberg
closIng Words
13 Redeeming Western Holy Places and Contested Holy Cities 171
Maria Leppäkari
Appendix – Discussion Points 181
Index 185
Contributors
Ibrahim Al-Marashi is associate professor of Middle East history at California State
University San Marcos. He received his MA in Arab studies from Georgetown
University in 1997 and his PhD from the Department of Modern History,
St Antony’s College, University of Oxford in 2004 for his thesis ‘The nineteenth
province: the invasion of Kuwait and the 1991 Gulf War from the perspective of
the Iraqi state’. He has published and presented a broad range of papers f ocusing
on the Middle East, the following being a sample of his more recent outputs:
‘Sadrabilia: the visual narrative of Muqtada Al-Sadr’s Islamist politics and in-
surgency in Iraq’ (2013); ‘The 2003 Iraq War did not take place: a first person
perspective on government intelligence and Iraq’s WMD program’ (2014); and
‘Reconceptualizing sectarianism in the Middle East and Asia’ (2014). Mailing
address: Department of History, California State University San Marcos, San
Marcos, California, 92096, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Yaakov Ariel is a graduate of the Hebrew University and the University of
Chicago. Ariel is a professor of religious studies at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research focuses on Christian–Jewish relations
in the modern era, on Christian attitudes towards the Holy Land and Israel
and on Jewish and Christian New Religious Movements and the effect of
the counterculture on Jewish and Christian groups. His book Evangelizing
the Chosen People won the Outler Prize of the American Society of Church
History. His latest book, An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and
Jews, was published by New York University Press in 2013. Mailing address:
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Religious Studies,
CB# 3225,125 Saunders Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-
3225, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Simon Coleman is Chancellor Jackman Professor at the Department for the Study
of Religion, University of Toronto. Previously, he was Chair of the Department
of Anthropology, University of Sussex. He has been editor of the Journal of the
Royal Anthropological Institute, and is co-editor of Religion in Society, as well as
vii
viii Contributors
co-editor of the book series Routledge Studies in Pilgrimage, Religious Travel and
Tourism. He has carried out fieldwork in Sweden, the UK and Nigeria, and is
currently part of a team working on pilgrimage to English cathedrals. Books
include Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion, edited with John Eade (2004,
published by Routledge). Mailing address: Department for the Study of Religion,
Jackman Humanities Building, Rm.333, 170 St George Street, University of
Toronto, Ontario, M5R 2M8, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Tariq Elhadary is the Acting Head of Admission and University Preparation at
United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Presidential Affairs, Scholarships
Office. He is a former lecturer of English language and translation at Ajman
University for Science and Technology. He received his MPhil in English
studies and educational methods from the University of Glasgow in 1998,
and his PhD in applied linguistics and Qur’anic studies from the University
of Leeds in 2008. His current research activities are in the fields of religious
studies, religious tourism and academic advising. Mailing address: Ministry
of Presidential Affairs, Scholarships Office, 73505 Al Najda St., Abu Dhabi,
UAE. E-mail: [email protected]
Aron Engberg is a PhD candidate in religious studies at Lund University. His PhD
is based on fieldwork among international evangelical volunteer workers
in Jerusalem and he analyses the relationship between individual life stor-
ies and religio-political narratives in order to explore the symbolic role of
Israel in evangelical identity formation. Mailing address: Centre for Theology
and Religious Studies, Lund University, CTR, LUX, Box 192, 221 00 Lund,
Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]
Vreny Enongene is currently a PhD candidate at the Dublin Institute of
Technology. She has a background in tourism marketing and management,
and is currently undertaking a PhD in religious tourism. She also has interest
in the broad area of cultural heritage tourism management, as well as in the
emerging trends and issues in tourism in the emerging tourism destinations
of the Global South. Mailing address: School of Hospitality Management and
Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1,
Ireland. E-mail: [email protected]
Kevin Griffin is a lecturer in tourism at the Dublin Institute of Technology, where
he teaches students from undergraduate to PhD level. His research interests are
broad, but primarily encompass a range of tourism themes such as heritage, cul-
ture, social tourism, the pedagogy of fieldwork and in particular religious tourism
and pilgrimage. He is co-founder of the International Journal of Religious Tourism
and Pilgrimage, and has published widely. His main recent publications include:
Cultural Tourism, (2013, edited with Raj and Morpeth); Religious Tourism and
Pilgrimage Management: An International Perspective, 2nd edn (2015, edited with
Raj); Conflicts, Challenges, Religion and Culture (2017, edited with Raj). Mailing
address: School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of
Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland. E-mail: [email protected]
Göran Gunner is Associate Professor in Mission Studies, Uppsala University, and
Researcher at the Church of Sweden Research Unit, Uppsala. Dr Gunner is
also Senior Lecturer at Stockholm School of Theology, Stockholm, Sweden.
His research areas include religious minority situations in the Middle East
Contributors ix
and issues related to human rights. He is also the editor of the Church of
Sweden Research Series. Among his publications are An Unlikely Dilemma:
Constructing a Partnership between Human Rights and Peace-Building
(co-authored with Kjell-Åke Nordquist, 2011) and Genocide of Armenians:
Through Swedish Eyes (2013). He is also co-editor of Lutheran Identity and
Political Theology (2014), Justification in a Post-Christian Society (2014) and
Comprehending Christian Zionism: Perspectives in Comparison (2014). Mailing
address: Church of Sweden Research Unit, Svenska kyrkan, SE-751 70
Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]
Motti Inbari is an associate professor of religion at the University of North
Carolina at Pembroke. Dr Inbari focuses his research on Jewish fundamen-
talism mostly in Israel, but also in the USA and Europe. He is the author of:
Jewish Fundamentalism and the Temple Mount (2009, State University of New
York (SUNY) University Press); Messianic Religious Zionism Confronts Israeli
Territorial Compromises (2012, Cambridge University Press); and Jewish Radical
Ultra-Orthodoxy Confronts Modernity, Zionism and Women’s Equality (2016,
Cambridge University Press). Mailing address: Religion and Philosophy, The
University of North Carolina at Pembroke, One University Drive, PO Box 1510,
Pembroke, NC 28372-1510, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Moshe Kalian is now retired. In the last 10 years of his civil service he held the
position of the District Psychiatrist of Jerusalem in the Israeli Ministry of Health.
During his long professional career he was the head of a psychiatric ward
in Kfar Shaul hospital in Jerusalem and then the District Psychiatrist of the
Central Region of Israel. He was also twice the chairman of the Jerusalem
branch of the Israeli Psychiatric Association and the chairman of the Israel
Society for Forensic Psychiatry. He wrote several dozen scientific publications in
issues of forensic psychiatry and ‘Jerusalem syndrome’. He is the co-author of the
book Jerusalem of Holiness and Madness, published in Hebrew in 2013. Mailing
address: Ben-Gurion University, Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84170, Israel. E-mail: [email protected]
Maria Leppäkari is Director of the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem,
a research and study institute run by the Church of Sweden since 1951 in
Israel. Her work in Jerusalem is characterized by interreligious dialogue,
sustainable development and religious-political perspectives. Dr Leppäkari
is Associate Professor in Comparative Religion at Åbo Akademi University
(Finland). Her academic work has focused on Jerusalem as a meaning-
creating symbol; the study of religion and violence in apocalyptic settings;
and pilgrimage and health promotion. See: Apocalypti Representations of
Jerusalem (2006) and Hungry for Heaven: The Dynamics of Apocalyptic Violence
(2008). Dr Leppäkari was Visiting Researcher at Hebrew University 1998–
1999, Visiting Scholar at the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem 1998
and Visiting Research Fellow at the University of California Riverside 2007.
Mailing address: Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem, PO Box 37,
IL-910001 Jerusalem, Israel. E-mail: [email protected]
Razaq Raj is an internationally renowned academic with over 15 years higher
education experience of teaching and research in the UK, Malta, Portugal,
Spain, Italy, Germany, China and South Korea. He is Principal Lecturer and is a