Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei at all Scales PDF
Preview Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei at all Scales
Lecture Notes in Physics EditorialBoard R.Beig,Wien,Austria W.Beiglböck,Heidelberg,Germany W.Domcke,Garching,Germany B.-G.Englert,Singapore U.Frisch,Nice,France P.Hänggi,Augsburg,Germany G.Hasinger,Garching,Germany K.Hepp,Zürich,Switzerland W.Hillebrandt,Garching,Germany D.Imboden,Zürich,Switzerland R.L.Jaffe,Cambridge,MA,USA R.Lipowsky,Golm,Germany H.v.Löhneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany I.Ojima,Kyoto,Japan D.Sornette,Nice,France,andZürich,Switzerland S.Theisen,Golm,Germany W.Weise,Garching,Germany J.Wess,München,Germany J.Zittartz,Köln,Germany TheLectureNotesinPhysics TheseriesLectureNotesinPhysics(LNP),foundedin1969,reportsnewdevelopments in physics research and teaching – quickly and informally, but with a high quality and theexplicitaimtosummarizeandcommunicatecurrentknowledgeinanaccessibleway. 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ProposalsshouldbesenttoamemberoftheEditorialBoard,ordirectlytothemanaging editoratSpringer: Dr.ChristianCaron SpringerHeidelberg PhysicsEditorialDepartmentI Tiergartenstrasse17 69121Heidelberg/Germany [email protected] Danielle Alloin Rachel Johnson Paulina Lira (Eds.) Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei at all Scales ABC Editors DanielleAlloin PaulinaLira CEA UniversityofChile Saclay-OrmedesMerisiers DepartmentofAstronomy 91191Gif-sur-YvetteCedex Casilla36D France Santiago,Chile E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] RachelJohnson OxfordUniversity DepartmentofPhysics KebleRoad Oxford,OX13RH,U.K. E-mail:[email protected] D. Alloin et al., Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei at all Scales, Lect. Notes Phys. 693 (Springer,BerlinHeidelberg2006),DOI10.1007/b11550280 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006925838 ISSN0075-8450 ISBN-10 3-540-31207-2SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-31207-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com (cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinTheNetherlands Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:bytheauthorsandtechbooksusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackage Coverdesign:design&productionGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11550280 55/techbooks 543210 Preface ThestudyofthephysicalprocessesatworkinActiveGalacticNuclei(AGN) haskeptalargenumberofastronomersbusysincethediscovery,intheearly sixties, of the first radio galaxies and quasars. After a few decades of debate there is now a clear consensus about the source of energy in AGN, namely gravitational energy released through matter accretion onto a massive black hole. The most commonly accepted ideas regarding AGN are pictured in the so-called AGN unified model, although one should remember that this is still a “working” model. Tremendous progress has been made in unveiling, analyzing, and modeling the different components in AGN: the accretion disk, the jets of relativistic particles, the x-ray absorber close to the central engine,the“torus”thatfunnelstheionizingradiation,thesurroundingclouds of dense material in the broadline region and narrowline region, the cool molecular and dusty material around the torus, as well as jet-induced effects on larger scales. Yet, it remains to incorporate all these components and physical processes into a self-consistent AGN model that would take into account, and predict, all the facets of AGN activity. The mere process of matter fueling is far from being totally understood and neither is the link of theAGNwithitshostgalaxy.Thebirthandgrowthofmassiveblackholesin the universe is a related question to be investigated and is of prime interest for cosmology. A wealth of new observational constraints about the physical processes taking place in AGN has recently been made available, thanks to ongoing key space missions (probing in particular their x-ray emission), largeground-basedtelescopes,andhighspatialresolutiontechniquessuchas adaptive optics and interferometry. Therefore, it is both exciting and timely to see how these additional constraints fit in with model predictions and to explore the new perspectives they bring to the field. In order to contribute to this goal, we organized the International Work- shop,“PhysicsofActiveGalacticNucleiatallScales”,whichwasheldatthe European Southern Observatory in Santiago, Chile, from December 3 to 6, 2003. The meeting was sponsored jointly by the Conicyt/FONDAP Center for Astrophysics, the European Southern Observatory, and the Calan Ob- servatory of Universidad de Chile. The Workshop was intended for training young researchers and students: it included a series of invited reviews, each VI Preface followed by oral contributions of topical relevance, and was completed by a rich display of posters. Although the emphasis was on providing a solid theoreticalbase,appropriateresultsfromrecentobservationsacrosstheelec- tromagnetic spectrum were discussed, which made this Workshop extremely enlightening. The reviews have been prepared for publication and constitute the bulk of this volume. We are grateful to the reviewers for their generous and enthusiastic contributions. The Workshop was opened with a tutorial by Hagai Netzer, providing a comprehensive picture of AGN physics. He pointed out that in spite of the remarkable insights into the AGN phenomenon at present, some key questions are still open. One of them is the “energy budget problem”, which isthelargediscrepancybetweentheenergyoutputrequiredfromtheobserved emission line spectrum and that extrapolated from the observed continuum energydistribution.Anotherquestionreferstothedetailedunderstandingof the physical processes hidden within the so-called alpha parameter used to parameterize the viscosity in the accretion disk. Following the tutorial, and in the framework of the AGN unified model, subsequent reviews and discussions about AGN subsystems were given by specialists in the field. Diana Worrall and Bradley Peterson focused on the physicsofmaterialintheclosevicinityofthecentralsourceandonrelatedra- diativeprocesses,discussingrelativisticjetsandthebroadlineregion.Moving to larger scales, Bob Fosbury, Jack Gallimore, and Moshe Elitzur reviewed the physics of gas further away but still exposed to the intense ultraviolet radiation field from the AGN, as well as of molecular and dusty material surviving such a harsh environment. QuestionsabouttheAGNfuelingandtheAGNrelationshipwithitshost galaxy were discussed by Sharda Jogee. Very recent results from space x- ray missions are shedding new light on the evolution of the AGN luminosity functionwithredshiftandontheAGN-galaxyformationscenario:thesewere presented by Niel Brandt and Omar Almaini. Thorough reviews on the forefront instrumentation available today in Chile-based observatories were given by Chris Lidman and Malcolm Smith, which, however, are not provided in this volume. The workshop was attended by around seventy participants, with a re- markable delegation from South America. It provided the ideal format and sizetoboostexchangesanddiscussionsandinthis,itmettheoriginalgoalsof theorganizers,DanielleAlloin,PoshakGandhi,andRachelJohnsonatESO; and Paulina Lira, Sebastian Lopez, and Jose Maza at Calan Observatory. WegratefullyacknowledgethevaluablesupportfromMs.PamelaBristow at ESO/Garching in the editing work of this volume. Garching and Santiago Danielle Alloin July 2005 Rachel Johnson Paulina Lira Contents Active Galactic Nuclei: Basic Physics and Main Components H. Netzer ...................................................... 1 1 Terminology, Classification and Abbreviations................... 1 2 Black Holes................................................. 1 3 Accretion Disks ............................................. 4 4 Physical Processes in AGN Gas ............................... 12 5 Main Components of AGN ................................... 25 6 Summary................................................... 37 References ..................................................... 37 Multiwavelength Evidence of the Physical Processes in Radio Jets D.M. Worrall and M. Birkinshaw ................................. 39 1 Introduction ................................................ 39 2 Radiative Processes.......................................... 40 3 Effects of Bulk Relativistic Motion ............................ 46 4 The External Medium ....................................... 48 5 Simple Radio-Jet Models ..................................... 52 6 The Interpretation of Multiwavelength Data in Terms of Physical Parameters .............................. 56 7 Conclusion ................................................. 71 References ..................................................... 71 The Broad-Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei B.M. Peterson.................................................. 77 1 Introduction ................................................ 77 2 Basic Inferences about the Line-Emitting Gas................... 78 3 Broad Emission-Line Variability and Theory of Reverberation Mapping ......................... 81 4 Reverberation Results........................................ 86 5 What is the BLR?........................................... 91 6 What will it Take to Map the Broad-Line Region?............... 95 7 Some Obvious Questions to Keep in Mind ...................... 97 8 Summary................................................... 97 References ..................................................... 99 VIII Contents Cold Gas Near Active Galactic Nuclei J.F. Gallimore, M. Elitzur, S.A. Baum ............................ 101 1 Background ................................................ 101 2 Radio Observations.......................................... 104 3 Infrared SEDs and Modeling.................................. 113 4 Future Observations ......................................... 117 References ..................................................... 118 AGN Beyond the 100pc Scale R.A.E. Fosbury................................................. 121 1 Introduction ................................................ 121 2 AGN–host Interactions....................................... 122 3 Observational Techniques and Examples........................ 126 4 What Next? ................................................ 139 5 Further Reading ............................................ 140 References ..................................................... 141 The Fueling and Evolution of AGN: Internal and External Triggers S. Jogee ....................................................... 143 1 Introduction ................................................ 143 2 BH Demographics and BH-Bulge-Halo Correlations.............. 144 3 Central Issues in Fueling AGN and Starbursts................... 147 4 Hubble Type and Colors of AGN Hosts ........................ 154 5 Interactions and AGN/Starburst Activity ...................... 156 6 Large-Scale Bars in Starbursts/AGN Hosts ..................... 160 7 Nuclear Bars................................................ 169 8 Nuclear Spirals and AGN/Starburst Activity.................... 171 9 From Hundred pc to Sub-pc Scales ............................ 174 10 Summary and Future Perspectives............................. 175 References ..................................................... 179 X-Ray Survey Results on Active Galaxy Physics and Evolution W.N. Brandt, D.M. Alexander, F.E. Bauer, C. Vignali .............. 185 1 Introduction ................................................ 185 2 Chandra and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Surveys............... 186 3 Some Implications for AGN Physics and Evolution .............. 191 4 Some Future Prospects....................................... 203 Some Recent Key References ..................................... 207 Contents IX The Links Between AGN and Galaxy Formation O. Almaini..................................................... 211 1 Supermassive Black Holes in Local Galaxies .................... 211 2 Models for Galaxy Formation ................................. 214 3 Observations of the High-Redshift Universe..................... 216 4 The Impact of AGN on their Environments..................... 220 5 Models for the Black-Hole/Bulge Relation ...................... 223 6 Summary and Future Prospects ............................... 225 References ..................................................... 227 Appendix: Acronyms Used in this Book ...................... 229 Index......................................................... 231 List of Contributors David M. Alexander W. Niel Brandt Institute of Astronomy Department of Astronomy & Madingley Road Astrophysics Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK The Pennsylvania State University [email protected] 525 Davey Lab University Park, PA 16802, USA [email protected] Omar Almaini Moshe Elitzur School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham Department of Physics and University Park Astronomy Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK University of Kentucky 600 Rose Street [email protected] Lexington, KY 40506-0055 USA Franz E. Bauer [email protected] Institute of Astronomy Robert Fosbury Madingley Road Space Telescope – Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK European Coordinating Facility [email protected] Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2 85748 Garching, Germany Stefi A. Baum [email protected] Center for Imaging Science Jack Gallimore Rochester Institute of Technology Department of Physics and 54 Lomb Memorial Drive Astronomy Rochester, NY 14623, USA Bucknell University [email protected] Moore Avenue Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA [email protected] Mark Birkinshaw Department of Physics Sharda Jogee Royal Fort, Bristol University Space Telescope Science Institute Tyndall Avenue 3700 San Martin Drive Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK Baltimore, MD 21218, USA [email protected] [email protected]
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