Physics and Physical Technology

482 Pages·2010·39.87 MB·English

SCIENCE AND
CIVILISATION IN
CHINA
BY
JOSEPNHE EDHAM,F. R.S.F,. B.A.
SOMETIM! MASTE� OF oo"'v".I.� & CAIU� COLLUa,I:AMHMltlGP.
D'�1.CTOR OF TUE NHolUM AH"P.ARC" l. . nlTl·CT �.,.. . SHI1><.a,
"ONO.AMY PAOHnoR OF ACA'HMI" "�I<;A
Witthh e
collabor9o.fi oll
WANG LING,
PH.D.
EMERITV. �"OFUSOklAL fHLI.OW, "HARYMU-iT OF
FAR EASTE"" HISTORY. INSTlTUT� O� A[)VA"C�])S TUI)'U.
"IlST"AL IA N NATION AL UNIV�"S'TY. CA NRHIlMA
andt hesp ecicaol_ opeu,oifo n
KENNETHG IRDWOODR OBINSONB.,Ll TT.
SOM£T1Mti EDUCATION u.,"CM,$AMAW,",'.
MEMS!" OF NUIIHAM RUEA.Ctl ':-I$TIT"T� •
4
VOLUME
PHYSICSA ND PHYSICALT ECHNOLOGY
PARTI :P HYSICS
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK PORT CHESTER
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
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l'UBLlSIIED OY THE PRESS SY:"IDiCATE OfH IE L '1\E RSITY OfC AMBRIDGE
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http://'nn\.cambridge.org
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ISBN0 pI 0;8023
YEH CHHI-SUN
Prt.sQs/0OTP/ hy sics int hUem vnntoyfP elting
formSerUTlf!i4yr y-Gmn-aolfA cad�io. Si"ica
kindloieffsr ti einndas d artki me
Kunminagn dC hungki_n9g4 2
and
CHHIEN SAN-CHHIANG
Direoctft h]ae,r u toiPflh uytsAtlic casd,eS im"iiaca
readaenrd r idienra timoef n eed
Pekinagnd S henya1n9g5 2
toth ese twoc ompanions
thivso lumies
dedicated
CONTENTS
LisotfI llusitonrsa t page xiii
Liostj
Tables XVII
LisoftA bbreviations xu<
Acrwkwlegdements
xx.
AuthoNrot'es.
XXIII
26 PHYSICS
,
(aI)n trodupc.It ion,
(bW)a veasn pda rtipc.3l es,
(eM)a smse,n surasttiaaotnnihd.cy sd rospt.aI tSi cs,
(IT)h eM ohiasntmdse tropl.o1 g7y ,
(2T)h eM ohistthlsee, v aenrtd h bea lapn.1c 9e ,
(3)T ensiforna,ca tnucdro en tipn.u2 i7t y.
(4C)e ntorfeg sr avaint'dya dvivsesosreypl .3s4 ' ,
(5S)p ecgirfiacv biutoyy,a anncddye nspi.3t 9y ,
(6C)h inaan tdh mee tric ps.4y 2s tem,
(dT)h es tuodfmy o ti(oDny nampi.5c 5s ),
()e Surfpahceen ompe.6n 2a ,
(fH)e aatn cdo mbuspt.6i 3o n,
(1D)i greosnsl iuomni nespc.7e 1n ce,
(gL)i gth p(tOipc.s7 )8,
(IM)o hiosptt ipc.8s 1,
(2M)i rraonrbdsu rnmiinrgr.po .8r 7s ,
(3)M irroofur nse qcuuarlv apt.9u 4r e,
(4C)a meorbas cpu.r9 a7,
(5L)e nsaensbd u rnlienngsp·e. 9s 9,
(iR)o ck·carnygdsl taapsl.9s 9,
(iCih)i nese glasps.1 0t1e chnology,
(iiBiu)r ning-agnltdah oseps teispc raolp erties
ofl enspe.Is I.I
(ivE)y e-glaanssdsp eesc tpa.c l1e1s8,
(6S)h adowa-npzdlo aeyt rpo.1p 2e2,
x CONTENTS
(hS)o und (Ac[owuiKstethni ncesRt)oh b inps.o1 n2]6,
()II ntrodupc.1t 2i6o n,
(2C)o rreloaft isoownui ntfidha voaunrcd o lopu.1r 3,1
(3T)h ec oncoefcphh tii nr elattoai coonu spt.'i 43c s,
(iC)o ndufiotscr h htih;me i lidtiavriyan nedhr i s
humming-pt.1u 3b5es ,
(4C)l assifiocfsa otuibnoydnt si mbpr.1e 4,1
I (iM)a tesroiuarloc fse osu npd.1, 4 2
(iWii)n dasn dda ncpe.1s 4,8
j
(iiCio)r reloaftt iimobwnri etd hi recatnisdoe nass ons
! p.' 53
(5C)l assifiocfa tsiobouypnn isdt pc.1h 5,7
1 (6T)h ed eveloopfmp ehnytsa iccoauls pt.1i 6c0s ,
(iT)h ep entastcoanpli.1ec 6, 0
(iTih)e h eptastcoanalinelcd a teelra borpa.1t 6i3o ns,
(iiTih)et welveg-anmouattne dt hsee otf s tandard
belpl.1s 6,5
(ivT)h e introofdt uhaecr tiitohnm ceytciplc.1ea 7,l1
(vP)y thagoorLr ianLsgu np?.,1 76
(7T)h es earfcoahrc curiantc uyn ipn.1g 8,4-
(iR)e sonance pahnedtn houems oeefn ma e asured
stripn.Ig SsS,
(iTih)e c osmtiicdi enb uriteudbp e.sI ,S 6
(iiTiu)n ibnygm eanosfh ydrosvteastspie.1cl 9 s2,
(ivT)h em anufaacnttduu rneio nfbg e lpl.1s 9,4-
(SP)i tchwmpiilpleest,aw ngmdre atirnospl .o1 g9y9,
(9T)h er ecognoifst oiuoannsdv ibrapt.2i 0o2n ,
(iT)h ed etecotfvi iobnr apt.i2 o0n9s ,
(iiT)h ef rreeee pd.2, 1 1
(10T)h ee voluotfei qounta elm perapm.2e 1n2t ,
(iO)c taavnesdsp iroaffil fstp h.s2 1,2
(iWie)s temrunsa incCd h inmeasteh empa.t2 i1c4-s,
(iiTih)ep ringcieoflfCty h uT saYiiwpi .,2 20
(ivE)q utaelm peraimnE eansattn Wde spt.,2 24-
(iM)a gnetainsEdml ectpr.i2 c2i9t y,
()II ntrodupc.2 t2i9o n,
(2M)a gneattitcr apc.2t 3Ii on,
(3E)l ectrposhteantoimcpe .2n 3a7,
(4M)a gnedtiirce catnipdvo iltaypr .i2 t3y9,
(iA)p pearoaftn hcmeea gnectoimcp aisnEs u rope
anIds lpa.m2 ,4- 5
(iDie)v elopomfte hnmeta gnectoimcp iasnCs h ina,
P·249
CONTENTS
XI
(iiSiu)n gc ompassweest,a ndd ryp,. 2 51
(ivR)e ferenicnest heT hanga nde arlipe.2r ,5 6
(v)T heH and ivinaenrdst hel odestosnpeo opn,.2 61
(viL)i teratounrt eh ed ivinebro'asr pd,.2 68
(viRie)f erentcoet sh e' south-poipn.t2 e6r9' ,
(viiTih)e ' ladolfem ajestpy.'2 ,7 1
(ixF)r omt hes poon tthoen eedlpe.2, 73
(5T)h eu se tohfec ompasisnn avigatpi.o2n i,9
(iT)h e marinerc'osm pasasn dt hec ompass-card,
p. •8 8
(iiT)h ed irection-ofinnt dheeir m perilaalkp e,.2 92
(6M)a gnetdiecc linapti.2o 9n,3
(iD)e scriptoifto hneg eomantciocm pasps.,2 93
(ijT)h et hrecei rcloefMs a steCrh hiuM,a steYra ng
andM asteLra ip,. 2 99
(iiEia)r loyb servatoifod nesc linapti.3o 0n,1
(ivT)r aceisnu rbaonr ientatpi.3o n1s2,
(7M)a gnetviacr iatainodin n clinapt.i3o 1n3,
(8T)h em agnedti,v inatainodnc ,h esps.,3 14
(iT)h efi ghticnhge ss-moefLn u anT a,p .3 15
(ii) Cahnedsa ss tronomsiycmablo lips.m3, 1 8
(iiDii)v inatbiyot nh rowipng.3, 2 6
(ivC)o mparatpihvyes ioloofgg ya mes,p .3 28
(9G)e neral sumpma.3r 3y,0
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 335
Abbreviatpi.o3n 3s6,
A. Chinesbeo okbse for+e1 800p,.3 41
B. Chinese Jaanpda nebsoeo kasn dj ournal asritnic+ce l1 e8s0 0,
P·36•
C. Booksa ndj ournaalr ticilnWe ess terlna nguage3s,6 8p .
GENERAL INDEX 397
Tabloef C hien Dyensaisets 431
Smumaryo ft hCen oetntsof V oLume
4
RmoanisatCioonnev risoTna bles 435
\
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
277 Diagratmo i llusttrhaetr ee lationosfhc iypc liacnadl wave
conceptions page9
San Thu
278 Distribuotfil oona dt:h e diagirnta hme Trhai Hui
encyclopa(e+d1 i6a90) page2 0
279 Distribuotfil oona da mongm anyp orte(rpsh otGoo.r don
Sandernse,a Crh ungkin1g(,4 (3P)IX. C VI) facingp .2 0
280 Diagramo f counterweigshctaeldi ng-latdod ielrl,u strate
Me Chingc,h.2 7 pag2e1
281 Steelyadredp ictienda Gallo-Romcaanr vifnrgo mN eu-
magen( PXIC.VI I). facipn.g2 4
Reproducbeydp ermissoirot nh eR heiniscLhaensd esmuaeTurmi,e r
282 Paintgerda sbsa skewti,t ahp aiorf s calaensdw eights (photo.
facipng. 2 5
CPCRA andB CFA)( PIX.C VIIl).
283 Steelyairldl ustriantt ehdeT huS huC hCih heng encyclo-
paedia page2 5
page3 4
284 Tentatirveec onstruocfta ino• an d visovreys se.l '
285 Approximactreo ss-secatnidpo lna no ft heb ronzwea ter­
spouting cboonwsle rviendt heC hungkinMgu nicipal
Museum. page3 6
286 Taoisitm morteaxla minitnhge t rueneosfsa workeflda t
piecoefj ad(eP IX.C IX). fad'plg. 4 4
287 A collecotfis otna ndalredn gmteha sur(ePsI C.) facpiagneg4 5
Reproducbeydp ennissoifot nh eS cienMcues eum,L ondon, tahned
executoorfst hel atPer ofesWs.o rP .Y en,
288 Scalder awinogfts h e8 -fgtn.o mons tielxli staitnt gh ea ncient
Chinescee ntroabls ervatoofrY ya ng-chhe(nngo wK ao-
chheng.) page
47
289 Datao ft hem eridiaarnco bservatoirognasn ibsyeI d- Hsing
andN ankunYgi ie(h+ 72t4o+ 726) pag4e8
290 Sketchoefso bjects wsheiecmth o b em irrorbso,t h concave
andc onvefxr,o mT hangf resc(ooersi dgr.a win19g4 3) page91
291 A 'magmiicr roorfJ' a panepsreo vena(nPcIeC. l ) facingp .9 4
Reproduced afnra ormt ibcylH e. D emberi nO $UlliZariluich"rih1!l9t3 ,3 ,
Vol9., p .2 0)b yp ennissioofnW altedre G ruyt&e Cro .B, erlin.
292 Diagamrm aticcr oss-seocfta i 'omna gimci rrIo r•
... . -=
XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
293 Italigainlg tl asbso wlf romt he+ 3 rd-centwuarrye houosre
customdse poatt B egraimn A fghanis(tPaIen. l lf)ad ngp .1 04
ReprodufcreodJm .H ackeinat t N.outJ,t lk' Rtchtracrhcuh lofugiquu d
Begrom,P a•r•i1 95b4yp cnnisosfPi roesns Uenli vcnitaFirraenscdee
294 TheW inthrompi rro(rP Ie.l l). facnigp .10 4
Reprodubcyep de nnisosfit ohnOe r ienCtearla mSiocc ieLtoyn,d on
295 TheB ucklbeoyw l( PIC.I II) fadng p.lO S
Reproducepde nniuioonfV icto&:r iAal beMruts eumC.r own
b.y
copyright
296 Imageo fK uan·Yionf t heF ourC ardinPaoli ntasn d"t he
ThousanAdr msin, theC hieh-t'huSnsgu t emplCeh,i angsu
(photEo..B oerschma(nPnI)e. l V). facinpg.I Z4
Thec lassCihcianle 'sleu t(ek'c uhh i.n ) pa�g1 29
Thee xtin'cgtr elautt e('s) l. page13 1
An orchesotfrt ah eW arrinSgt atpese ri(odc- .4 thc entury):
theH uihsiberno nzbeo wl page1 43
An orchestorfat heW arrinSgt atpeesr i(odc- .4 thc entury):
theY en�YYoU -LieThh u Hub ronzvea se pagt1 44
An orchesotfrt ah eH anp eriodde pictientd h er elioeffst he
I-natno mbsS,h antunc.g +,1 93( PIC.V ) facing p1.4 4-
A latCeh hinrge presentoaftt ihoein n strucotfim ouns icians
byt hel egendmaursyi c�masHtOelKrlh uei pag1t46
Pellet�d(rtuohm)aa ndg reastt and�dr(hucmi ekun) pag1e47
Thes tanodf c hime-st(ohnches ing) pagt1 48
Greacth ime�staonndes tanodf c hime-stionnte hse m ain
halolf t heT empleo fC onfuciautCs h hii�fSohua,n tung
(oripgh.o to1.9,5 8()P IC.V I) faicnpg.1 48
Tiger�b(oyUx) pagt1 50
Thed oublpei p(e kuan) page1 52
Thep an-pi(peh.siaso) ( PIC.V II'). facnigp .1 52
Musiciapnlsa yionngr eemdo uth-org(asnhitlgs ) pag15t2
A latCeh hinrge presentoaftt ihoemn a kinogf c hime�stones
fromt her ockosft heS SlRli ver pag1tS4
Greahta nginbge laln ds tanodf b ellisnthe- -m aihn allo ft he
Temploef C onfuciautCs h hii�fSohua,n tu(nogr ipgh.o to.,
1958()P IC.V III) facnigp .15 6
Oneo ft heo ldeasntd m ostm agnificsepnetc imeonfa sc hime�
stonfer,o ma royatlo mbo ft heS hangp erioadtA nyang
(c-,1 4tche ntur(yP)IC .I X) . facnigp .1 57
313,341 An orchesotfrh ae avenmlu:?s iciaansis m aginiendt he
Thangp eriofdr:e scoferso mc aven o.2 20a te hhien�fo�
tung, near Tunhuancg.+. 6 4p2a( iPnIet.Xe )d facnigp .1 64
LISTO F ILLUSTRATIONS
xv
315T hes taonfdm etpalla (t/easng Mhssiiaxngtr)ee,ec nt angular
pieocfes st eel page1 66
.
316T heo rthodox psittacnhd-daprriadpwt enoss c ale page1 4-7
317T hec hhun,a b ronbzeelo lfe llipsteicctwaiilod nae,tt he
moutahn nda rrotwoiwnagtr hdreso ubnad.s e page19 3
318C Jappeurplweasrsd -hfaancdiMn(btgeo( l)Pl CI X.I )f ancgi p'.9 4
Reprodufrom� A.J .K oopE,a ,Clhyi ntlBtrQfI%t s, byp tnnisosfi on
ErnesBte nLntd
319 Clappedrolwenswsa rdh-afnadcMi(bnceghl u(lngP )CI X.U )
facip.n1g 9 5
ReprodufcreoAdm. J .K oopE,a ,lChyi ntJB�r on%tJ,b yp ennisosfi on
ErnesBte nLnt d
320C huT saiMtYuun'iisnn gs tru(mcehmnlt) page2 22
321T heg eomabnatcikcg rtoomu angdn estciiceaanls c eel:e cted
topogrdaipshpiocso iftt heieao rn+l 13yt hc ent.u rpyage2 41
322T heg eomabnatcikcg rtoomu angdn estciiceatnlhc beea :l ance
off avouarnaudbn lfea vouirnaflbuleienna ch eislr leyg ion
page24 3
323E arfloyr omfsm agnectoimcp atshsfle:o ating fish-shaped
irolne a.f page 253
324E arfloyn onfsm agnectoimcp atshsfle:o atwionogd fiesnh
contaliondiensgat nondne ee dle pag2e5 6
325E arfloyr omfsm agnectoimcp atshsde:r y-piwvoootdeedn
turctolnet aliondiesntgao nnndee edle page2 57
326T hed ivinbeora('rssdh oifht) hH ea np eriod page2 63
327D rawionfga fragmoefna t h eaven-tposl haottweh e
charaicdteenrtsi fiable page2 64
328F ragmoeftn hthe e aveno-fpas l haifthoe,u inndt hPea inted
BaskTeotm ba tL o-lKaonrge,+a 1 ,sc te nt(uPrCIyX. I II)
facipng.2 46
329D iagrama n(edpl leavnao tfti hoeena )r thaMnptdlh aleto ed e-
stosnpeo on page2 66
330M odello desstpoon(oesn h ooa)n bdr onezaer thoMfpt lhaet e
shirhe constbryWu acntgCe hde n-(TPoCI X.I V)f acipn.2g 6 6
331H ans torneel diaetf+e d1 4a,d emonstorfaa rtmtia ogni c,
1
sleighatn-gdcr raamfa(trP yCIeX. V ) facipn.2g 6 7
332S tefeolmr a gnetnieseeddal s ecse:on few ire-draanwdi ng
needle-fmraoktmih nTegh ieKnu ngK hai Wu( +1 367)
pag e2 83
LISTO F ILLUSTRATIONS
XVI
333M arinefrl'osa tingo-fbc roomnpzaesp.se MriiPnoIgd ( .C XVI)
facpi.n2 g8 6
334M arinfleora'tsi ng-ocfop mapianwstsoe odd , pMeirnigo d
(PI facpi n8g7 .C XVII)
. •
335D iagrtaome sl ucitdhaemt aer inceorm'psao sfps a inted
wood page2 87
336I Uustroaftm iaornisnd erry'-sp icvoomtpeadsf sreotsmh e
Liu-CKhuoh iChihu Liieh pagt z88
337M arinedrr'ys- pivcootmepda esasr,l eyb hinpge riod
(PI. jadngz 8p8. CXVIlI)
338G eomacnotmipcwa istdshr y-pinveoetdelde (PI .C XIXf)a cpi.2n 8g9
1 339S ketcthoie lsl ustthrCeah tien emseet hoofds uspending
compass-needtlheeesn dot fto hw+ea1 r8dtcshe ntury
pag2e90
340T heC hingeesoem acnotmipcia nsf sud lrle asnse :x amipnl e
thWeh ippMlues euCma,m bri(dPgIe .C XX.) facpi.n2 g9 4
341U nder-soufrt fhJaeoc heCn o ucAhd amcso mpawsisti ht s
inscrianpedtx ipolna ntaatb(olPreIy . CXXI). facpi.n29 g5
:!
342 'ThDei recatniCdoh nhsoi ft hFel oaNteiendgla de i'a,g ram
frotmh eeh iTuh iHesinian NiiC hhiNnga nHgai Chio
! Ching Pac'3 04
343P lootft hsea ecuvlaarri aotifmo ang netic daetc lination
1
Londforno tmhb ee ginonfti hn+eg1 6tche ntounrwya rds
page
3tt
344P laonft hseo uthpearrontf t hcei toyfS hantKaann,s u
(PI facpi.n31 g2 .C XXII)
345B ronczhee ss-men page32 3
ReprodufrcoemdH .J .R .M urraAy H,i stooryfC hw,b yp ermission
ofth eOx ford UniverPsrietsys
3% Tokerness embtlhpiein egpc reosb aubsleiydn+ 6 tche ntury
'star-chess' page32 4
347• Star-chteoskrsee'np restehnpetl ianMngee rtc ury page32 4
348 'Star-tcohkeresensp 'r esetnhtcei lntgci yhc lcihcaarla cter
Wu,s igonft hseo uth pag32e4
349A grooufpH ant omb-fiegnugraeigsne t dhg ea moefl iu-po
(PI fa"lclpi .3. 8 .C XXII. I)
Reprodufcreodllm a roaj,(JIdI. ,,o,faA ll i<ltuS tlldies (voIlS.J. u ne
19S1b)y,p ennisosfiH oanr v1lrUdn iverPsrietsys
350H ans chopllaarysai ttn lwug- h(uP I. facpi.ng] 28 CXXIIJ)
ReprodufcreodAm n tiqu(ivto1yl� .Decem. be r 1950b)yp, e rmisosfi on
Mr H.W . Edwards