Physics and mechanics of soil liquefaction : proceedings of the International Workshop on the Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Baltimore, Maryland, 10-11 September 1998

372 Pages·2018·28.76 MB·English

by  Jerry A

PHYSICS AND MECHANICS OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE PHYSICS AND MECHANICS
OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION/ BALTIMORE/MARYLAND/USA/10-11 SEPTEMBER 1998
Physics and Mechanics
of Soil Liquefaction
Edited by
Poul V. Lade
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Jerry A.Yamamuro
Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
A. A. B ALKEM A / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD /1999
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Printed in the Netherlands
Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Lade & Yamamuro (eds) © 1999 Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 038 8
Table of contents
Preface IX
1 The mechanism of instability
Instability of granular materials 3
PVLade
Static liquefaction of very loose Hostun RF sand: Experiments and modelling 17
T.Doanh, E.Ihraim, Ph.Duhujet, R.Matiotti ¿c I.Herle
The mechanism controlling static liquefaction and cyclic strength of sand 29
L B. Ibsen
Advances in the effective stress approach to liquefaction behavior 41
G.M. Norris
2 Effect of soil gradation on liquefaction
Static and cyclic liquefaction of silty sands 55
J A Yamamuro, K.M. Covert & PVLade
Role of intergrain contacts, friction, and interactions on undrained response of granular mixes Cl
S. Thevanayagam
Triggering and post-liquefaction strength issues in fine-grained soils 79
J.PKoester
Developments in gravelly soil liquefaction and dynamic behavior 91
M D. Evans & K. M. Rollins
3 Factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility
Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands 105
YPVaid ¿c S.Sivathayalan
Elastic deformation properties of sands containing fines during liquefaction 121
y. Koseki, N Maeshiro, I. Urano & T Sato
Constitutive issues in soil liquefaction 133
S.Sture
Influence of confining stress on liquefaction resistance 145
M E. Hynes & R. S. Olsen
Pore water pressure in limit analysis calculations 153
R. L. Michalowski
4 Soil fabric and its effect on liquefaction
Comparison of tests on undisturbed and reconstituted silt and silty sand 159
R.Dyvik & K.H0eg
Quantitative characterization of microstructure evolution 169
J,D.Frost, D.-JJang, C.-CChen & J.-Y.Park
Undisturbed sampling of loose sand using in-situ ground freezing 179
D.C.Sego, B. A Hofmann, RK. Robertson & C.E.Wride (Fear)
5 Methods of characterizing liquefaction potential
The critical state line and its application to soil liquefaction 195
K.Been
Comments on the determination of the undrained steady state strength of sandy soils 205
G. Castro
A methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of soils for liquefaction flow failures 213
J.-M. Konrad
A critical state view of liquefaction 221
M.GJefferies
Influence of grain-size characteristics in determining the liquefaction potential of a soil 237
deposit by the energy method
J. L Figueroa, A 5. Saada, M. D. Rokoff & L Liang
6 Methods of characterizing post-liquefaction deformation
Experimental measurement of the residual strength of particulate materials 249
S. L Kramer, M. B. Byers & C. H Wang
Void redistribution in sand following earthquake loading 261
R.W Boulanger
Liquefaction constitutive model 269
A-WElgamal, E.Parra, ZYang, R.Dobry & M.Zeghal
7 Centrifuge studies of liquefaction
Several important issues related to liquefaction study using centrifuge modeling 283
X.Zeng
VI
Investigations on the behavior of liquefying soils 295
R. K Ledbetter, R. S. Steedman & G. D. Butler
Modeling liquefaction in centrifuges 307
H. -Y. Ko & M M Dewoolkar
8 Field studies of liquefaction
Physics and mechanics of liquefaction from field records and experience 325
TLYoud
In situ liquefaction resistance of sands 335
S.Prakash & TGuo
Initial development of an impulse piezovibrocone for liquefaction evaluation 341
J. A Schneider, RW. Moyne, TLHendren & C.M.Wise
List of participants 355
Author index 361
VII

Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Lade & Yamamuro (eds) © 1999 Baikema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 038 8
Preface
Soil liquefaction has been one of the most active and visible areas of research in geotechnical
engineering over the past 30 years. Soil instability has caused spectacular and costly failures in terms of
loss of human lives and destruction of property. Severe damage was induced by soil liquefaction during
three recent, major earthquakes, the Loma Prieta earthquake in October 1989, the Northridge earthquake
in January 1994 and the Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake in January 1995. Despite progress in
experimental and analytical research, observations have indicated that soil liquefaction is not complete­
ly understood.
An International Workshop on the Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction was organized to
provide a forum where hands-on experimentalists in the field of liquefaction could meet under relatively
informal conditions to review current knowledge and to exchange ideas and results of research in the
area of soil instability and liquefaction. While many aspects of soil liquefaction deserve attention, the
workshop concentrated on understanding the fundamental physics of the liquefaction phenomenon
occurring under static and cyclic loading and on the mechanics by which the observed phenomenon may
be modeled. A fundamental understanding of the liquefaction process is necessary to improve criteria
and methods for prediction of the collapse of saturated soils, to enhance the triggering analysis, to
develop mitigation measures, to evaluate the effectiveness of practical remedial techniques, and to
ultimately improve the current design recommendations. Each invited participant was expected to
contribute a paper, which represents, in the opinion of the author, the current state-of-the-ait in his/her
focus area in experimental liquefaction research. The contributions are organized in eight sections:
1. The mechanism of instability;
2. Effect of soil gradation on liquefaction;
3. Eactors affecting liquefaction susceptibility;
4. Soil fabric and its effect on liquefaction;
5. Methods of characterizing liquefaction potential;
6. Methods of characterizing post-liquefaction deformation;
7. Centrifuge studies of liquefaction;
8. Field studies of liquefaction.
The workshop was sponsored by the Siting and Geotechnical Systems/Earthquake Hazard Mitiga­
tion Program of the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMS-9814023 to The Johns Hopkins
University. The support and encouragement of the program director. Dr Clifford J.Astill, are much
appreciated. The members of the Steering Committee for the Workshop were, in addition to the editors
of the proceedings, Mary Ellen Hynes (Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS), Y.P.Vaid
(University of British Columbia, Vancouver), and Stein Sture (University of Colorado, Boulder, CO).
Grateful appreciation is expressed for the support and help with organizing the workshop.
RVLade November 1998
J. A. Yamamuro
IX