Physics: A General Course: Quantum Optics, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics, Physics of the Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles

319 Pages·18.273 MB·English

by  I. V. Savelyev

I. V. Savelyev
A General Course
QUANTUM OPTICS
ATOMIC PHYSICS
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
PHYSICS OF THE
ATOM1C NUCLEUS
AND ELEMENTARY
PARTICLES
Mjr Publishers
Moscow
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I. V. SAVELYEV
PHYSICS
A GENERAL COURSE
(In three volumes)
VOLUME III
QUANTUM OPTICS
ATOMIC PHYSICS
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
PHYSICS OF
THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
AND ELEMENTARY
PARTICLES
MIR PUBLISHERS
MOSCOW
Translated from Russian by G. Leib
First published 1981
Revised from the 1979'Russian edition
Second printing 1985
Third printing 1989
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Ha aHZIIUikKoM .R3b!Ke
Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
ISBN 5-03-000903-5 © JtfJ.uaTeJlbCTBO «HayKa)), 1979
ISBN 5-03-000900-0 ©English translation, Mir Publishers, 1980
PREFACE
This volume completes my work on a new version of a general
course in physics for higher technical educational institutions (the
first version was written by the author in the beginning of the
1960's). In this connection, I would like to note the following.
Writing of this course required a fresh view on a number of questions,
the rejection of obsolete traditions in the teaching of physics that
were formed during many decades. This rejection was not at all
simple for me because I myself was brought up on these traditions
and for a number of years supported some of them (in particular,
in the preceding version of the three-volume course). Speaking
figuratively, I had to "reject myself". This difficult process was
facilitated by daily contact with my young colleagues at the Depart
ment of General Physics of the Moscow Institute of Engineering
Physics. Of the greatest importance was not so much the influence
of these young people on the nature of the treatment of individual
concrete questions of physics as the spirit of creative criticism and
innovation that was e~tablished in the department after their joining
it. Special mention must be made of the part played by associate
professors N.B. Narozhny, V.I. Gervids, and V.N. Likhachev.
In addition to the influence of my young colleagues noted above,
a decisive part in my work on this course was played by constant
active contact with my students at lectures, exercises, c.onsultations,
and examinations. It is impossible to write a textbook without
being in contact with whom it is intended for, associating with
them only unilaterally at lectures. In instruction, as in any other
vocation, experiments are needed. Among several possible ways of
setting out a question, preference must be given to the one that
produces the best result in the course of instruction. Such experi
ments were conducted quite broadly during my work on the new
three-volume eourse.
6 Preface
I shall note in conclusion that the present course is intended above
all for higher technical schools with an extended syllabus in physics.
The material has been arranged, however, so that the book can be
used as a teaching aid for higher technical schools with an ordinary
syllabus simply by omitting some sections.
Igor Savelyev
Moscow, April, 1980
CONTENTS
Preface 5
PART I. QUANTUM OPTICS
CHAPTER 1. THERMAL RADIATION
+-
1.1. Thermal Radiation and Luminescence H
1.2. Kirchhoff's Law 12
1.3. Equilibrium Density of Radiant Energy 16
1.4. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Displacement Law 18
1.5. Standing Waves in Three-Dimensional Space 20
1.6. The Rayleigh-Jeans Formula 28
1.7. Planck's Formula 29
CHAPTER 2. PHOTONS
2.1. Bremsstrahlung 34
2.2. The Photoelectric Effect 36
2.3. Bothe's Experiment. Photons 40
2.4. The Compton Effect 44
PART II. ATOMIC PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3. THE BOHR THEORY OF THE ATOM
3.1. Regularities in Atomic Spectra 48
3.2. The Thomson Model of the Atom 50
3.3. Experiments in Scattering Alpha-Particles. The Nuclear
Model of the Atom 52
3.4. Bohr's Postulates. The Franck-Hertz Experiment 57
~ Rule for Quantization of Circular Orbits 60
3.6. The Elementary Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 62
CHAPTER ~.ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
4.1. De Broglie's Hypothesis. Wave Properties of Matter 65
4.2. The Unusual Properties of Microparticles 68
4.3. The Uncertainty Principle 70
4.4. The Schrodinger Equation 74
J,_
4.5. The Meaning of the Psi-Function 78
4.6. Quantization of Energy · 79
4.7. Quantization of Angular Momentum 83
8 Contents
4.8. The Superposition Principle 87
4.9. Penetration of Particles Through a Potential Barrier 88
4.1.0. Harmonic Oscillator 93
CHAPTER 5. TliE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES
5.1. The Hydrogen Atom 95
5.2. Spectra of the Alkali Metals 101
-'5':3'~~ Breadth of Spectral Lines 104
5.4. Multiplicity of Spectra and Spin of an Electron 109
--5-.5-.-~ Resultant Mechanical Angular Momentum of an Atom with
Many Electrons 115
l ,l},S-, The Magnetic Moment of an Atom 117
5.7. The Zeeman Effect 122
- 5-;8-, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 127
5.9. The Pauli Principle. Distribution of Electrons by Energy
Levels of an Atom 129
--SAf}:- Mendeleev's Periodic System of Elements 131
-5.11": X-Ray Spectra 136
5.12. Energy of a Molecule 138
J
5.13. Molecular Spectra 142
5,14. Combination Scattering of Light 146
_J 5.15. Stimulated Emission 148
-+ 5.16: Lasers 150
5.17. Non-Linear Optics 155
.P---ART +ti.- SOLID STATE PHYSICS
CHAPTER 6, OSCILLATIONS OF A CRYSTAL LATTICE
6.1. Crystal Lattice. Miller Indices 158
6.2. Heat Capacity of Crystals. Einstein's Theory 160
6.3. Oscillations of Systems with a Large Number of Degrees of
~~om 1~
6.4. Debye's Theory 164
+
6.5. Phonons 168
6.6. The Mossbauer Effect 170
CHAPTER 7. THE BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS
7 .1. The Quantum Theory of Free Electrons in a Metal 177
J+- 7 .2. The Fermi-Dirac Distribution 182
7. 3. Energy Bands in Crystals 185
7 .4. Dynamics of Electrons in a Crystal Lattice 190
CHAPTEH 8. THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF METALS AND
SEMICONDUCTORS
8.1. The Electrical Conductance of Metals 194
-~- 8.2. Superconductivity 197
-4- 8.3. Semiconductors 200
8.4. Intrinsic Conductance of Semiconductors 202
8.5. Impurity Conductance of Semiconductors 205
CHAPTER 9, CONTACT AND THERMOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
9.1. Work Function 208
9.2. Thermionic Emission Electronic Tubes 210
Contents 9
9.3. Contact Potential Difference 215
9.4. Thermoelectric Effects 218
9.5. Semiconductor Diodes and Triodes 224
9.6. The Barrier-Layer Photoelectric Effect 229
PART IV. PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTA
RY PARTICLES
CHAPTER 10. THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
i0.1. Composition and Characteristic of the Atomic Nucleus 231
10.2. Mass and Binding Energy of a Nucleus 234
10.3. Models of the Atomic Nucleus 237
10.4. Nuclear Forces 238
10.5. Ha<iioactivity 243
10.6. Nuclear Reactions 251
10.7. The Fission of Nuclei 251)
10.8. Thermonuclear Reactions 262
CHAPTER 11. ELEMENTARY PARTICLFS
11.1. Kinds of Interactions and Classes of Elementary Particles 26&
H.2. Methods for Detecting Elementary Particles 267
11.3. Cosmic Rays 271
Uk Particles and.. Antiparticles 272
··11.5. Isotopic Spin 28(}
·11 ;6;· Strange Particles 283
-4-1~7-; Non-Conservation of Parity in Weak Interactions 286
11.8. The Neutrino 290
11.9. Systematization of Elementary Particles 294
11.10. Quarks 298
i+.44. Conclusion 301
APPENDIX. LIST OF SYMBOLS
Name Index 495 305
Subject Index 497 307