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Physics: A General Course: Quantum Optics, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics, Physics of the Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles PDF

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Preview Physics: A General Course: Quantum Optics, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics, Physics of the Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles

I. V. Savelyev A General Course QUANTUM OPTICS ATOMIC PHYSICS SOLID STATE PHYSICS PHYSICS OF THE ATOM1C NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES Mjr Publishers Moscow M. B. CABEJihEB RYPC OB~EII <DII3IIRH TOM III RBAHTOBAH OTITIIHA ATOMHAH <DII3IIHA <DII3MHA TBEP ,[(OfO TEJIA <DH3MRA AT OMHOfO .fl,[(P A M 8JIEMEHT APHhiX qACTHU I13,ll;ATEJibCTBO <<HAYI\A• MOCKBA I. V. SAVELYEV PHYSICS A GENERAL COURSE (In three volumes) VOLUME III QUANTUM OPTICS ATOMIC PHYSICS SOLID STATE PHYSICS PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES MIR PUBLISHERS MOSCOW Translated from Russian by G. Leib First published 1981 Revised from the 1979'Russian edition Second printing 1985 Third printing 1989 an. -·- .Y.. . .,·, -~ Ha aHZIIUikKoM .R3b!Ke Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ISBN 5-03-000903-5 © JtfJ.uaTeJlbCTBO «HayKa)), 1979 ISBN 5-03-000900-0 ©English translation, Mir Publishers, 1980 PREFACE This volume completes my work on a new version of a general course in physics for higher technical educational institutions (the first version was written by the author in the beginning of the 1960's). In this connection, I would like to note the following. Writing of this course required a fresh view on a number of questions, the rejection of obsolete traditions in the teaching of physics that were formed during many decades. This rejection was not at all simple for me because I myself was brought up on these traditions and for a number of years supported some of them (in particular, in the preceding version of the three-volume course). Speaking figuratively, I had to "reject myself". This difficult process was facilitated by daily contact with my young colleagues at the Depart ment of General Physics of the Moscow Institute of Engineering Physics. Of the greatest importance was not so much the influence of these young people on the nature of the treatment of individual concrete questions of physics as the spirit of creative criticism and innovation that was e~tablished in the department after their joining it. Special mention must be made of the part played by associate professors N.B. Narozhny, V.I. Gervids, and V.N. Likhachev. In addition to the influence of my young colleagues noted above, a decisive part in my work on this course was played by constant active contact with my students at lectures, exercises, c.onsultations, and examinations. It is impossible to write a textbook without being in contact with whom it is intended for, associating with them only unilaterally at lectures. In instruction, as in any other vocation, experiments are needed. Among several possible ways of setting out a question, preference must be given to the one that produces the best result in the course of instruction. Such experi ments were conducted quite broadly during my work on the new three-volume eourse. 6 Preface I shall note in conclusion that the present course is intended above all for higher technical schools with an extended syllabus in physics. The material has been arranged, however, so that the book can be used as a teaching aid for higher technical schools with an ordinary syllabus simply by omitting some sections. Igor Savelyev Moscow, April, 1980 CONTENTS Preface 5 PART I. QUANTUM OPTICS CHAPTER 1. THERMAL RADIATION +- 1.1. Thermal Radiation and Luminescence H 1.2. Kirchhoff's Law 12 1.3. Equilibrium Density of Radiant Energy 16 1.4. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Displacement Law 18 1.5. Standing Waves in Three-Dimensional Space 20 1.6. The Rayleigh-Jeans Formula 28 1.7. Planck's Formula 29 CHAPTER 2. PHOTONS 2.1. Bremsstrahlung 34 2.2. The Photoelectric Effect 36 2.3. Bothe's Experiment. Photons 40 2.4. The Compton Effect 44 PART II. ATOMIC PHYSICS CHAPTER 3. THE BOHR THEORY OF THE ATOM 3.1. Regularities in Atomic Spectra 48 3.2. The Thomson Model of the Atom 50 3.3. Experiments in Scattering Alpha-Particles. The Nuclear Model of the Atom 52 3.4. Bohr's Postulates. The Franck-Hertz Experiment 57 ~ Rule for Quantization of Circular Orbits 60 3.6. The Elementary Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 62 CHAPTER ~.ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 4.1. De Broglie's Hypothesis. Wave Properties of Matter 65 4.2. The Unusual Properties of Microparticles 68 4.3. The Uncertainty Principle 70 4.4. The Schrodinger Equation 74 J,_ 4.5. The Meaning of the Psi-Function 78 4.6. Quantization of Energy · 79 4.7. Quantization of Angular Momentum 83 8 Contents 4.8. The Superposition Principle 87 4.9. Penetration of Particles Through a Potential Barrier 88 4.1.0. Harmonic Oscillator 93 CHAPTER 5. TliE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 5.1. The Hydrogen Atom 95 5.2. Spectra of the Alkali Metals 101 -'5':3'~~ Breadth of Spectral Lines 104 5.4. Multiplicity of Spectra and Spin of an Electron 109 --5-.5-.-~ Resultant Mechanical Angular Momentum of an Atom with Many Electrons 115 l ,l},S-, The Magnetic Moment of an Atom 117 5.7. The Zeeman Effect 122 - 5-;8-, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 127 5.9. The Pauli Principle. Distribution of Electrons by Energy Levels of an Atom 129 --SAf}:- Mendeleev's Periodic System of Elements 131 -5.11": X-Ray Spectra 136 5.12. Energy of a Molecule 138 J 5.13. Molecular Spectra 142 5,14. Combination Scattering of Light 146 _J 5.15. Stimulated Emission 148 -+ 5.16: Lasers 150 5.17. Non-Linear Optics 155 .P---ART +ti.- SOLID STATE PHYSICS CHAPTER 6, OSCILLATIONS OF A CRYSTAL LATTICE 6.1. Crystal Lattice. Miller Indices 158 6.2. Heat Capacity of Crystals. Einstein's Theory 160 6.3. Oscillations of Systems with a Large Number of Degrees of ~~om 1~ 6.4. Debye's Theory 164 + 6.5. Phonons 168 6.6. The Mossbauer Effect 170 CHAPTER 7. THE BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 7 .1. The Quantum Theory of Free Electrons in a Metal 177 J+- 7 .2. The Fermi-Dirac Distribution 182 7. 3. Energy Bands in Crystals 185 7 .4. Dynamics of Electrons in a Crystal Lattice 190 CHAPTEH 8. THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS 8.1. The Electrical Conductance of Metals 194 -~- 8.2. Superconductivity 197 -4- 8.3. Semiconductors 200 8.4. Intrinsic Conductance of Semiconductors 202 8.5. Impurity Conductance of Semiconductors 205 CHAPTER 9, CONTACT AND THERMOELECTRIC PHENOMENA 9.1. Work Function 208 9.2. Thermionic Emission Electronic Tubes 210 Contents 9 9.3. Contact Potential Difference 215 9.4. Thermoelectric Effects 218 9.5. Semiconductor Diodes and Triodes 224 9.6. The Barrier-Layer Photoelectric Effect 229 PART IV. PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTA RY PARTICLES CHAPTER 10. THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS i0.1. Composition and Characteristic of the Atomic Nucleus 231 10.2. Mass and Binding Energy of a Nucleus 234 10.3. Models of the Atomic Nucleus 237 10.4. Nuclear Forces 238 10.5. Ha<iioactivity 243 10.6. Nuclear Reactions 251 10.7. The Fission of Nuclei 251) 10.8. Thermonuclear Reactions 262 CHAPTER 11. ELEMENTARY PARTICLFS 11.1. Kinds of Interactions and Classes of Elementary Particles 26& H.2. Methods for Detecting Elementary Particles 267 11.3. Cosmic Rays 271 Uk Particles and.. Antiparticles 272 ··11.5. Isotopic Spin 28(} ·11 ;6;· Strange Particles 283 -4-1~7-; Non-Conservation of Parity in Weak Interactions 286 11.8. The Neutrino 290 11.9. Systematization of Elementary Particles 294 11.10. Quarks 298 i+.44. Conclusion 301 APPENDIX. LIST OF SYMBOLS Name Index 495 305 Subject Index 497 307

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