Physical Fitness, Ambulation and Physical Activity in Ambulatory Children and Adolescents with ... PDF
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Physical Fitness, Ambulation and Physical Activity in Ambulatory Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida Janke F. de Groot Physical Fitness, Ambulation and Physical Activity in Ambulatory Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida Theses, Utrecht University, 2010 © Janke F. de Groot ISBN: 9789088912115 Cover design: Proefschriftmaken.nl || Printyourthesis.com Printed & Lay Out by: Proefschriftmaken.nl || Printyourthesis.com Published by: Uitgeverij BOXPress, Oisterwijk, The Netherlands Physical Fitness, Ambulation and Physical Activity in Ambulatory Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida Fysieke Fitheid, Loopfunctie en Fysieke Activiteit bij lopende kinderen en adolescenten met Spina Bifida (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 17 december 2010 des middags te 4.15 uur. door Janke Frederike de Groot geboren op 24 februari 1971 te Enschede Promotoren: Prof. dr. P.J.M. Helders Prof. dr. L. Vanhees Co-promotoren: Dr. T.Takken Dr. R.H.J.M. Gooskens Dit onderzoek en dit proefschrift werden mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van de Hogeschool Utrecht (promotievoucher), het Wetenschappelijke College voor Fysiotherapie van het Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie, het WKZ onderzoeksfonds, de Stichting BIO Kinderrevalidatie in Arnhem en de Stichting Steunfonds van de Faculteit Gezondheidszorg van de Hogeschool Utrecht Voor mijn oma en kinderen met Spina Bifida Contents Chapter 1: General Introduction 9 Part I. Fitness and energy cost of locomotion in ambulatory children with SB: two exploratory studies. Chapter 2: Muscle Strength, Aerobic Capacity and Physical Activity in 19 Independent Ambulating Children with Lumbosacral Spina Bifida Chapter 3: Limiting Factors in Peak Oxygen Uptake and the Relation- 37 ship with Functional Ambulation in Ambulating Children with Spina Bifida Part II. Development of appropriate exercise testing for ambulatory children with Spina Bifida Chapter 4: Reproducibility of Energy Cost of Locomotion in Ambula- 57 tory Children with Spina Bifida Chapter 5: Treadmill testing in ambulatory children with Spina Bifida: 75 does peak oxygen uptake reflect maximum oxygen uptake? Chapter 6: Reproducibility of Maximal and Submaximal Exercise 93 Testing in Normal and Community Ambulatory Children with Spina Bifida: which is best for the evaluation and application of exercise training? Part III. Intervention aimed to improve ambulation and physical fitness in ambulatory children with Spina Bifida Chapter 7: Randomized controlled study of home-based treadmill 111 training for ambulatory children with Spina Bifida Chapter 8: General Discussion 133 Summary 151 Samenvatting 157 Dankwoord 163 Curriculum Vitae and List of publications 169 7 8 General Introduction Chapter 1 J.F. de Groot 9 Physical activity, physical fitness in healthy adults and children. Many studies have shown the association between levels of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) and cardiovascular and overall mortality (1-3). Bouchard and Shephard (4) have described the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and health in their model of health related fitness, with physical activity and physical fitness and general health being dependent on each other, while at the same time genetics and environment playing an important role in this interaction (see Fig. 1). Heridity Health relatedfitness Physicalactivity Health •morphological •leisuretime •muscular •wellness •occupational •motor skills •morbidity •exercisetherapy •cardiorespiratory •mortality •metabolic Environmentalconditions •lifestylebehaviours •personalattributes •physicalenvironment •socialenvironment Fig. 1 Model of health-related fitness according to Bouchard and Shephard (4). Although the presumed relationship between levels of physical activity and fitness during youth and adolescence and physical activity and fitness in adulthood are not consistently found in several studies on this topic (5-7), there does seem to be a relationship between health status in youth and health status in adults. The European Youth Heart Study found children engaged in physical activities less than one hour a day at higher risk for cardiovascular risk factors than those who were more active (8). Other studies have looked at the relationship between body composition and fitness 10
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