Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes PDF
Preview Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes
Physical and B iogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTARCTIC RESEARCH I Physical Sciences David H. Elliot, Editor CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTARCTIC RESEARCH II ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY David H. Elliot, Editor Joseph L. Reid, Editor CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTARCTIC RESEARCH III ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY II: THE AUSTRALIAN- NEW ZEALAND SECTOR David H. Elliot, Editor Dennis E. Hayes, Editor ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES Malcolm Melior, Editor ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES II A. P. Crary, Editor ANTARCTIC SOILS AND SOIL FORMING PROCESSES J. C. F. Tedrow, Editor DRY VALLEY DRILLING PROJECT L. D. McGinnis, Editor GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND Edmund Stump, Editor GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC Jarvis B. Hadley, Editor GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS Mort D. Turner and John F. Splettstoesser, Editors GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY A. H. Waynick, Editor METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES AT PLATEAU STATION, ANTARCTICA Joost A. Businger, Editor OCEANOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF Stanley S. Jacobs, Editor STUDIES IN ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY Morton J. Rubin, Editor UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA L. J. Lanzerotti and C. G. Park, Editors THE ROSS ICE SHELF: GLACIOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS C. R. Bentley and D. E. Hayes, Editors VOLCANOES OF THE ANTARCTIC PLATE AND SOUTHERN OCEANS W. E. LeMasurier and J. T. Thomson, Editors MINERAL RESOURCES POTENTIAL OF ANTARCTICA John F. Splettstoessera nd Gisela A.M. Dreschhoff, Editors MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ATLAS OF THE CIRCUM-ANTARCTIC TO 30øS Dennis E. Hayes, Editor MOLLUSCAN SYSTEMATICS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY Jeffrey D. Stilwell and William J. Zinsmeister THE ANTARCTIC PALEOENVIRONMENT: A PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBAL CHANGE James P. Kennett and Detlef A. Warnke, Editors ANTARCTIC RESEARCH American Geophysical Union SERIES Biological and Life Sciences ANTARCTIC TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY George A. Llano, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY II Milton O. Lee, Editor Bruce Parker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY III George A. Llano, Editor Bruce Parker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS III George A. Llano and Waldo L. Schmitt, Editors BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IV ANTARCTIC ASCIDIACEA George A. Llano and I. Eugene Wallen, Editors Patricia Kott BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS V ANTARCTIC BIRD STUDIES David L. Pawson, Editor Oliver L. Austin, Jr., Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VI ANTARCTIC PINNIPEDIA David L. Pawson, Editor William Henry Burt, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VII ANTARCTIC CIRRIPEDIA David L. Pawson, Editor William A. Newman and Arnold Ross BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VIII BIRDS OF THE ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC David L. Pawson and Louis S. Kornicker, Editors George E. Watson BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IX ENTOMOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA Louis S. Kornicker, Editor J. Linsley Gressitt, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS X HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO ANTARCTIC CONDITIONS Louis S. Kornicker, Editor E. K. Eric GundersonE, ditor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA Louis S. Kornicker, Editor Olga Hartman BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XII POLYCHAETA MYZOSTOMIDAE AND SEDENTIARIA OF David L. Pawson, Editor ANTARCTICA BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIII Olga Hartman Louis S. Kornicker, Editor RECENT ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTICB RACHIOPODS BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIV Merrill W. Foster Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XV Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVI Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVII Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVIII Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIX Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XX Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XXI Louis S. Kornicker, Editor BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XXII Stephen D. Cairns, Editor ANTARCTIC Volume 59 RESEARCH SERIES Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes William J. Green E. Imre Friedmann Editors (cid:127) AmericaGne ophysiUcanli on Washington, D.C. 1993 ANTARCTIC Volume 59 RESEARCH SERIES PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC LAKES William J. Green and E. Imre Friedmann, Editors Published under the aegis of the Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series David H. Elliot, Chairman John B. Anderson, Robert Bindschadler, StephenD . Cairns, Rodney l(cid:127)I. Feldmann,S tanleyJ acobs, John Priscu, Charles R. Stearns Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata Physical and biogeochemicalp rocessesi n Antarctic lakes / William J. Green and E. Imre Friedmann, editors. p. cm.- (Antarctic research series; v. 59) 1. Limnology--Antarctic regions. 2. Biogeochemistry(cid:127)Antarctic regions. I. Green, W. J. (William J.) II. Friedmann, E. Imre. III. Series. GB 1797.P49 1993 551.48'2'099894c20 93-7383 ISBN 0-87590-830-6 CIP ISSN 0066-4634 ISBN 0-87590-830-6 Copyright 1993 by the American GeophysicalU nion 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20009 Figures, tables, and short excerptsm ay be reprintedi n scientificb ooksa nd journals if the sourcei s properly cited. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specificc lients,i s grantedb y the AmericanG eophysicaUl nion for librariesa nd otheru sersr egistered with the Copyright ClearanceC enter (CCC) TransactionalR eportingS ervice, provided that the base fee of $1.00 per copy plus $0.20 per page is paid directly to CCC, 21 CongressS treet, Salem, MA 10970. 0066-4634/93/$01.00+ 0.20. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for creating new collective works or for resale. The reproductiono f multiple copiesa nd the use of extracts, including figuresa nd tables, for commercialp urposesr equiress pecificp ermissionf rom AGU. Published by American Geophysical Union With the aid of grant DPP-89-15494f rom the National Science Foundation Printed in the United States of America. CONTENTS The Antarctic Research Series: Statement of Objectives Board of Associate Editors ix Preface xi Section 1: Physical Processes Physical Hydrology of the Dry Valley Lakes T. J. Chinn Perennial Ice Covers and Their Influence on Antarctic Lake Ecosystems Robert A. Wharton, Jr., Christopher P. McKay, Gary D. Clow, and Dale T. Andersen 53 Terrigenous Clastic Sedimentation in Antarctic Dry Valley Lakes David W. Andersen, Robert A. Wharton, Jr., and Steven W. Squyres 71 Lithology and Paleoclimatic Implications of Lacustrine Deposits Around Lake Vanda and Don Juan Pond, Antarctica George I. Smith and Irving Friedman 83 Section 2: Geochemical Processes Geochemical Features of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica Genki I. Matsumoto 95 Dissolved Organic Material in Dry Valley Lakes: A Comparison of Lake Fryxell, Lake Hoare, and Lake Vanda D. M. McKnight, G. R. Aiken, E. D. Andrews, E. C. Bowles, and R. A. Harnish 119 The Geochemical Evolution of Terrestrial Waters in the Antarctic: The Role of Rock-Water Interactions W. Berry Lyons and Paul A. Mayewski 135 Metal Transport and Release Processesi n Lake Vanda: The Role of Oxide Phases William J. Green, Donald E. Canfield, Yu Shengsong, Keith E. Chave, Timothy G. Ferdelman, and Gary Delanois 145 Section 3: Microbiology and Trophic State Environmental Regulators of Microbial Activity in Continental Antarctic Lakes George M. Simmons, Jr., J. Robie Vestal, and Robert A. Wharton, Jr. 165 The Relationship Between PhosphorusL oad and Eutrophication Response in Lake Vanda Anne Jones-Lee and G. Fred Lee 197 Index 215 The Antarctic Research Series' STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES The Antarctic Research Series provides for the presentation of detailed scientific research results from Antarctica, particularly the results of the United States Antarctic Research Program, including monographsa nd long manuscripts. The series is designed to make the results of Antarctic fieldwork available. The Antarctic Research Series encouragest he collection of papers on specific geographic areas within Antarc- tica. In addition, many volumes focus on particular disciplines, including marine biology, oceanology, meteorology, upper atmosphere physics, terrestrial biology, geology, glaciology, human adaptability, engineering, and environmental protection. Topical volumes in the series normally are devoted to papers in one or two disciplines. Multidisciplinary volumes, initiated in 1990 to enable more rapid publication, are open to papers from any discipline. The series can accommodate long manuscripts and utilize special formats, such as maps. Priorities for publication are set by the Board of Associate Editors. Preference is given to research manuscripts from projects funded by U.S. agencies. Because the series serves to emphasizet he U.S. Antarctic Research Program, it also performs a function similar to expedition reports of many other countries with national Antarctic research programs. The standards of scientific excellence expected for the series are maintained by the review criteria establishedf or the AGU publicationsp rogram. Each paper is critically reviewed by two or more expert referees. A member of the Board of Associate Editors may serve as editor of a volume, or another person may be appointed. The Board works with the individual editors of each volume and with the AGU staff to assure that the objectives of the series are met, that the best possible papers are presented, and that publication is timely. Proposals for volumes or papers offered should be sent to the Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series, at 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Publication of the series is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Board of Associate Editors Antarctic Research Series ix FrontispiecTeh.e K ukriH illsr eflecitn them oaot f LakeF ryxelli,n TayloVr alley. PREFACE The complexr elationshipb etweenc limatea nd lake level, the role of permanenitc e coversin regulatingla ke ecologya nds edimentatiopna tternst,h e charactearn df unction of microbialc ommunitiest,h e naturea ndd istributiono f dissolvedo rganicm atter,a nd the origin of brine compositionar e amongt he diverser angeo f topicsa ddressedin this volumeo n thed ry valleyl akeso f AntarcticaR. eadersw ill find that,f ar fromb einge xotic limnologicalc uriositiest, heseb odies of water are settingsi n which processesa nd problemso f generals cientifici nterestc an be effectivelyi nvestigatedG. eochemists, hydrologistbsi,o logistso,c eanographelrism, nologistsa,n ds tudentosf theses ubjectws ill find mucho f interestin thesep agesT. he papersin cludedh erem ovet he discussioonf the dry valley lakes well beyondt he merely descriptiveto warda richer explorationo f physicaal ndb iogeochemicaplr ocesses. The McMurdo Dry Valleysa re amonga smallg roupo f ice-freea reast hat lie along the coastalr egionso f the Antarcticc ontinentT. hese valleys extend from the high snowfieldso f the polarp lateaue astwardto the marginso f the RossS ea,a ndt heyo ccupy ana reao f some4 000k mz . ForA ntarctictah, esev alleysa reh ighlya typicalal ndscapoefs exposedm etamorphiacn dg raniter ocko verlainb y sandstoneasn df requentlyin trudedb y dolerites ills. Strongk atabaticw indsh elp to keept he relativeh umidityl ow or very low, at times even below 20%. These remote and austerelyb eautifule nvironmentsa re the improbables ettingsf or a groupo f closed-basinp,e rmanentlyic e-coveredm, erometic lakesa ndt he glacialm eltwaters treamsth atf eedt hem. While theseb odieso f water haveb eent he subjectso f severale xcellentr ecentw orks, thisi s the first collectiono f paperst o deale xclusivelyw ith the lakeso f ther egion.G iven thatn early3 decadeso f researchh avec ontributetdo our understandinogf theses ystems and havep roduceda voluminousb ut somewhawt idely scatteredlit erature--mucho f it derivingf rom thep ast1 0 years--it seemeda n appropriatteim et o devotea singlev olume to this subject. By bringingt ogethert hesea rticlesa nd reviewsa nd their accompanyinbgi bliog- raphiesw ithin a singlev olume,w e hopet o stimulateo theri nvestigatorisn a varietyo f disciplinetso pursueth eiro wnl ineso f researcho n thesef ascinatinsgy stemasn dt o bring thesel akest o the attentiono f a wider audienceA. s a numbero f authorss uggestt,h e lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys havem ucht o teachu s yet. We are extremelyg ratefult o the many reviewersw ho read and commentedo n these papersa ndt o theN ationalS cienceF oundation'Ds ivisiono f PolarP rogramfso r funding mucho f the researchre portedh ere.W e are indebtedto the seriese ditor,D avid Elliot, for his patiencea nd encouragemenWt. e, of course,t hank the authorst hemselvesw, hose effortsm adet hisv olumep ossiblein the first place. We dedicatet his volume to the memory of our friend and Antarctic colleague,J . Robie Vestal. William J. Green E. Irnre Friedmann PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC LAKES ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES, VOLUME 59, PAGES 1-51 PHYSICAL HYDROLOGY OF THE DRY VALLEY LAKES T. J. CHINN Instituteo f Geologicala ndN uclearS cienceLs imited,C hristchurch4 , New Zealand This paperp resentsth e resultso f 20 yearso f studieso f the water levelsa ndp ermanenitc e coverso f the dry valley lakesb y New ZealandA ntarcticR esearchP rogrammete amsb aseda t Vanda Stationi n Wright Valley. The different hydrologicalt ypes of lakes and their relationshipsw ith climate are discussedS. inces ystematicle vel recordsc ommenceddu ringt he 1968-1969 summers easont,h e levelso f all of the enclosedl akes have risen by varying amounts.A 1903 level available from Lake Bonney indicatesth at thisr isingt rendh asb eenc ontinuings incet hatt ime. So sensitiveis the balanceb etweent he highly variables ummeri nflowsa nd the relativelyc onstanat nnuals ublimationlo ssest hat therea re only poor correlationsb etweent he level changeso f different lakes and betweenl ake-level changesa nd measuredc limate parametersA. ll of the lakes have permanenti ce coversw hich undergoa vertical turnovero n approximately1O -yearc yclesa s ablationlo ssf rom the surfaceis replacedb y winter freezing onto the undersideT. he 2- to 5-m thicknesso f the permanenti ce cover varies from lake to lake and is controlledb y the annuala blationr ate. The highert he ablationr ate is, the thinnert he ice coveri s. Seasonal cycleso f ice thicknessr eacha maximuma t the end of winter in mid-November,a nd summerl ossest hin ices heetbsy 12t o3 0%b yt hee ndo f JanuarSyu. rfacaeb latiolno sseasv erag0e.3 m a-l; lossra teso f 5.0 mm d- 1 in summelro wert o 0.6 mm d- 1 in winter.B ottomm elt accountfso r some4 5 to 55% of the total summert hinningo f the ice cover.L evel measurementms ade over winter at the hypersalineD on Juan Pond indicatet hat this lake receivesg roundwateirn flow. The behavioro f sedimentsc arriedb y the ice coversi s discussedt,o getherw ith the behavioro f lakesi n contactw ith glaciers. INTRODUCTION supraglaciaTl.h osew ith a streamo utlet usuallya re freshwater lakes, but enclosed lakes where inflow is The dry valleysr egioni s unusuali n havinga large balancedb y ablationa reb rackisht o extremelys aline. numbero f meromicticl akes within enclosedh ydro- Internally,t he majorityo f the enclosedl akes have logicals ystemsH. owever,t hee xtremea riditya ndl ow remarkablyh igh temperaturesw, ith stratificationo f temperaturems ake thesel akesu niqueb ecauseo nly a internal temperaturesa nd salinity, and they have few placesa re so cold and arid that summera blation intriguing properties of chemical evolution, and melt cannot exceed more than a fraction of winter geochemistrys, aline and thermal stratification,a nd freezing,l eavingt he lakesw ith a permanenitc e cover. ecosystemsd, escribede lsewhere in this volume. The limited melt durings ummerf ormso nly a narrow Variations in levels of the numerousp erennially moat of meltwater. Rare hypersalinep onds remain frozen lakes and ponds distributed throughoutt he unfrozen even in winter. McMurdo Sound area provide a sensitiver ecord of The dark rocky surfaceo f the regiong ivest he area climaticc hange. a significantlyl ower albedo than the remaindero f The earliestt reatiseo n the dry valley lakes was snow-coveredA ntarctica. As a consequencem, ean given in a chapter by Taylor [1922], where he temperaturaerse 5ø to 7øC warmerin summearn d recognizedt hree different types of lakes: those in 5øCc oolerin wintert hant hoseo f othere quivalent land-lockedb asins,t hoseo n glacieri ce, and thosei n coastal areas [Thompsone t al., 1971]. The same areas where both land and ice are involve:& One of the albedod ifferenceis alsor esponsiblfeo r strongd iurnal earliest reviews of the lakes of the McMurdo Sound easterly" seab reezes"w hich are a persistenfte ature region was by Wilson [1967], and Heywood[ 1972] duringt he summers[ Sansore1, 984]. gavea n overviewo f limnologyf or the entireA ntarctic Although many lakes have stream outlets, of continent.T he chemistry,p hysics,a nd evolutiono f particular interest are those climatically sensitive the Antarctic saline lakes was reviewed by Burton enclosed lakes which have no surface outflow. Most [ 1981]. Wilson[ 1981] succintlyr eviewedt he current lie within depressionsa nd some are dammed by understandinogf the physicala nd chemicals ystems glacier tongues, while others are proglacial or operating in the lakes. Vincent [1987] gave a Publishiend 1 993b yt heA mericaGne ophysiUcnailo n.
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