Physical Acoustics 18

512 Pages·1988·13.33 MB·English

by  WARREN P. MASON and R.N. THURSTON (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME XVIII
G. BUSSE
G. S. CARGILL III
M. REBELO DA SlLVA
D. A. HUTCHINS
TAKEHIKO KITAMORI
F. LEPOUTRE
F. ALAN MCDONALD
TSUGUO SAWADA
MANFRED R. SCHROEDER
GROVER C. WETSEL, JR.
P H Y S I C AL A C O U S T I CS
Principles and Methods
Edited by WARREN P. MASON
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
R. N. THURSTON
BELL COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH
RED BANK, NEW JERSEY
VOLUME XVIII
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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Contributors
Number in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
G. BUSSE (403)
Institut fur Physik, FB ET
Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen
D-8014 Neubiberg, Federal Republic of Germany
G. S. CARGILL III (125)
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
M. REBELO DA SILVA (279)
Centro de Fisica Molecular das Universidades de Lisboa
Av. Rovisco Pais, I.S.T.
1000 Lisboa, Portugal
D. A. HUTCHINS (21)
Department of Physics
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
TAKEHIKO KITAMORI (348)
Energy Research Laboratory
Hitachi, Ltd.
1168 Moriyama
Hitachi, Ibaraki 316, Japan
ix
χ Contributors
F. LEPOUTRE (279)
Laboratoire d'Optique Physique, E.S.P.C.I.
10, rue Vauquelin
75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
F. ALAN MCDONALD (168)
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
PO Box 218
Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
TSUGUO SAWADA (348)
Department of Industrial Chemistry
Faculty of Engineering
University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113, Japan
MANFRED R. SCHROEDER (1)
Drittes Physikalisches Institut
Universitat Gottingen
Burgerstr. 42-44
D-3400 Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany
and
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA
GROVER C. WETSEL, JR. (168)
Department of Physics
Southern Methodist University
Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
In Memoriam
Warren P. Mason, 1900-1986
Warren Perry Mason, a Charter Member, Fellow, President, and Gold
Medalist of the Acoustical Society of America, died on August 23, 1986, in
Gainesville, Florida. He was the father of Penelope E. Mason, Chairman of
the Asian Studies Faculty, Florida State University.
His principal scientific achievements include important inventions
related to the quartz crystal wave filters used in carrier-frequency telephony,
investigations of piezoelectric crystals and ceramics that have led to improved
electromechanical transducers, and creative contributions to understanding
the physical processes that govern the fatigue of metals and the damping of
mechanical waves in solids and liquids.
Warren Perry Mason was born on September 28, 1900 in Colorado
Springs, Colorado, and in 1921 he was graduated from the University of
Kansas with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering. In the
same year he joined the Western Electric Company Engineering Department,
which later became Bell Telephone Laboratories. Concurrent with his work
he attended Columbia University, with the M.A. Degree in Physics being
conferred in 1924 and the Ph.D. Degree in Physics in 1928. He was elected
to the Sigma Xi and Tau Beta Pi Honor Societies. He married Evelyn Stuart
McNally in 1929. She died in 1953. In 1956 he married Edith Ewing
Aylsworth. They moved to Tallahassee in 1982. Edith died in 1985. He
remained with Bell Laboratories until his retirement in 1965, after which he
joined Columbia University where he continued to do productive research,
producing 45 papers in the next 10 years. He retired from Columbia in 1977.
Warren P. Mason continually demonstrated an extraordinary ability to
apply his understanding of fundamental effects to the solution of practical
problems. He had a strong impact on communication systems and created
the field called physical acoustics. His contributions span the areas of
piezoelectric crystals, wave filters, transducers for underwater sound,
bonding of metals to metals and metals to semiconductors, physics and
measurement of wear, semiconductor strain gages, fatigue in metals, and the
mechanisms of internal friction in solids and liquids. These contributions are
xi
xii In Memoriam
documented by roughly 200 patents, about 210 publications, and four major
reference books. His books teach fundamental concepts, describe many
research results, and guide the reader to the related literature. Their titles are
Electromechanical Transducers and Wave Filters (1942), Piezoelectric
Crystals and their Application to Ultrasonics (1950), Physical Acoustics and
the Properties of Solids (1958), and Crystal Physics of Interaction Processes
(1966).
A list of Mason's publications and patents, complete as of 1966, was
published in the Warren P. Mason Commemorative Issue of J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. (Vol. 41, pp. 907-920, 1967). Those referred to below can be identified
by reference to that list.
Mason started and edited the widely cited series Physical Acoustics
Principles and Methods, of which this is the 18th volume.
A wards
The high regard in which Dr. Mason is held by the scientific and
engineering communities is clear from the number of honors he received.
• In 1964, he was the recipient of the Arnold O. Beckman award of
the Instrument Society of America. This is an award offered to an
individual who has made "significant technological contributions to
the concept and implementation of a new principle or design,
development, or application.'' Mason was cited particularly for his
contributions to research in acoustic and ultrasonic wave propa
gation, electrical networks, and solid state physics, and, more
specifically, for the heavily doped silicon semiconductor strain gages
resulting from his studies.
• In 1965, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the
University of Kansas.
• In 1966, he received the First C. B. Sawyer Memorial Award of the
Frequency Control Symposium.
• In 1967, he received the Lamme Medal, a major National Medal of
the IEEE 4 4for outstanding contributions in the fields of sonics and
ultrasonics and for his original work in designs of and applications
for electromechanical transducers."
• Soon after his retirement from Bell Laboratories, a special com
memorative issue of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
was prepared in his honor (April 1967, Vol. 41, No. 4, Part 2).
• At the International Conference on Ultrasonic Attenuation and
Internal Friction in Crystalline Solids held at Brown University in
1969, he was presented an award for outstanding contributions to
the subject of the conference.
In Memoriam xiii
• In 1971, Mason received the highest award of the Acoustical Society
of America, its Gold Medal. The citation reads
"His electromechanical filters are the keystone of carrier-frequency telephony. His
investigations of piezoelectric crystals and ceramics have enabled the generation of
high acoustic power under water. His researches into the properties of materials have
given a better understanding of the nature of solid and liquid matter. As a physicist,
engineer, inventor, author, and teacher, he has been the leader in advancing the
technology of electroacoustics for half a century."
• In 1974, he was awarded the first honorary membership of the
British Institute of Acoustics.
• In 1981, at the First International Conference on Fatigue and
Corrosion Fatigue up to Ultrasonic Frequencies, he received an
award 4'for his pioneering and enduring contributions to acoustic
and ultrasonic research," and the conference was dedicated to him.
This conference was sponsored jointly by the Metallurgical Society
of the AIME, the American Society of Testing Materials, and the
American Society for Metals.
It is fitting to sample the nature and importance of Mason's contributions
to communication science and physical acoustics.
Overview
His early work at Bell Telephone Laboratories involved the development
of acoustic filter theory, with application to such devices as mufflers and
other quieting devices. More important, however, was the recognition that
quartz crystals could be combined with electrical elements to provide wave
filters with very selective frequency pass bands. The importance of the work
that followed can be judged from the fact that until recently all of the long
distance carrier radio and submarine cable systems of the Bell System used
quartz crystal filters to separate the many conversations being transmitted
simultaneously.
During the years 1935 to 1948, Dr. Mason headed a group on piezo
electric crystals. He invented the GT crystal, widely used for precise control
of frequency standards, and others designed for similar use or for application
to wave filters. The properties of other piezoelectric materials were also
intensively studied. Among these were EDT (ethylene diamine tartrate) and
ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate). The latter found important use
in underwater sound devices and systems such as sonar. During World War
II, he participated in many projects under the auspices of the Office of
Scientific Research and Development and other government agencies.
During and after 1948, as Head of the Mechanics Research Department,
he was engaged primarily in research on such subjects as adhesion and
xiv In Memoriam
friction, thermocompression bonding, measurement of mechanical proper
ties of materials at ultrasonic and microwave frequencies, internal friction,
fatigue of metals, physics of wave attenuation, and properties of the liquid
and solid states.
Quartz Crystal Filters and Oscillators
Wave filters are used in communication systems to separate various
channels of information being transmitted simultaneously. Beginning in
about 1929, Mason and his colleagues at Bell Laboratories pioneered in the
use of quartz crystal resonators combined with electrical elements to build
wave filters with very selective frequency pass bands. The extremely sharp
resonance of the properly mounted crystal resonators is the key that makes
possible the extremely high selectivity and the economical use of the frequency
bandwidth available. Over 30 of Mason's patents concern piezoelectric
crystal filters. One representative contribution is the use of inductances with
quartz crystals to obtain sufficiently wide pass bands to accommodate carrier
communication channels. Such filters, invented in 1933-36, (Patents
1,921,035 and 2,045,991) are still widely used in multichannel telephone
carrier systems. Other particularly noteworthy inventions concerning quartz
crystals are the 18° X-cut quartz crystal (Mason and Sykes Patent 2,173,589),
which has been extensively used in wave filters because of its pure frequency
spectrum, and the GT cut (Patent 2,204,762), which has found wide use in
crystal-controlled oscillators as an accurate and stable frequency or time
standard, stable to 1 part in 109 or better over long periods of time. The latter
orientation is particularly valuable because it has the property that a
moderate temperature change does not shift the frequency.
During the 1930s, Mason and his associates at Bell Laboratories
investigated the various modes of vibration that might be used in crystal
controlled oscillators and wave filters and studied the orientations of quartz
to produce desirable temperature coefficients of frequency. These studies
created a systematic body of knowledge for the design of oscillators and of
narrow band and wide band selective filters for use in communication
systems. This fundamental work led to the incorporation of these devices
into radio and carrier telephone systems, and also, on a very large scale, in
military communications during World War II. Manufacture of quartz
crystals became a $60 million business with over 40 companies in this country
manufacturing quartz resonators.*
* Impact—A compilation of Bell System innovations in science and engineering which have
helped create new industries and new products. M. D. Fagen, editor (Bell Laboratories, 1971).
In Memoriam xv
Use of Distributed Elements in Wave Filters
Some of Mason's early inventions concern the use of distributed
elements such as transmission lines in wave filters (for example, Patents
1,781,469; 2,183,123; and 2,421,033). He should be credited with the first
application of coaxial transmission lines to filter networks. These are widely
used in radio systems. The majority of very high frequency and microwave
filtering structures make use of the same basic principles.
Substitutes for Quartz
During World War II, because of the uncertain availability of an ample
supply of quartz to meet the enormous demand for both military and civil
communication systems, Mason collaborated in a search to discover
acceptable substitutes. After investigation of a number of synthetic crystals,
the most promising substitute for quartz crystals in filters was deemed to be
EDT (ethylene diamine tartrate), and its properties were studied extensively.
Five patents on various cuts of substitutes for quartz were issued to Mason
in 1948 and 1949. Another important synthetic crystal that was investigated
is ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate), which found immediate use in
underwater sound devices and systems such as sonar.
Transducers for Underwater Sound
Several of Mason's inventions concern compressional wave transducers
using piezoelectric crystal or ceramic elements for underwater sound trans
ducers. Illustrative are Patents 2,404,391, 2,414,827, and 2,658,186 which
relate to high power compressional wave energy radiators and represent
improvements in the ability to generate high acoustic power under water for
sonar and also for related applications in the fishing industry.
Solid State Diffusion and Thermocompression Bonding
As head of a mechanics research group from 1948 to 1965, Mason
supervised and contributed substantially to studies of the joining of metals
to metals and metals to semiconductors by solid state diffusion and thermo
compression bonding. These fundamental studies pointed the way to long-
life solderless wrapped connections and thermocompression bonding. For
many years, solderless wrapped connections were one of the principal
connection methods of the telephone and computer industries. Thermo
compression bonding is the major mechanical process used in the assembly
of semiconductor devices.