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Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) vii Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 1 * July 2002 Focus PHOTOMEDICINE PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND 73 Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in murine and human PHOTOTECHNOLOGY nonmelanoma skin cancers: Implications for therapeutic approaches l Coexistence of domains with distinct order and Kathy P. An, Mohammad Athar, Xiuwei Tang, polarity in fluid bacterial membranes Santosh K. Kativar, Justin Russo, J. Beech, Sharon Vanounou, Dina Pines, Ehud Pines, Michelle Aszterbaum, Levy Kopelovich, Abraham H. Parola, Itzhak Fishov Ervin H. Epstein Jr., Hasan Mukhtar, David R. Bickers Excitation pulse deconvolution in luminescence lifetime analysis for oxygen measurements in vivo In vivo pharmacokinetics of 6-aminolevulinic acid— Egbert G. Mik, Cornelis Donkersloot, induced protoporphyrin LX during pre- and post- Nicolaas J. H. Raat, Can Ince photodynamic therapy in 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)nthrocene-treated skin carcinogenesis Frequency-domain measurement of the in Swiss mice: A comparison by three-compartment photodegradation process of fluorescein model A. K. Gaigalas, Lili Wang, Robert F. Vogt, Jr Parmeswaran Diagaradjane, lonic photodissociation process in arylallyl acetates Sankaranarayanapillai Madhuri, Prakasarao Aruna, Pradeep Kumar Gupta, G. Venugopal Rao, M. Janaki Ram Reddy, Singaravelu Ganesan K. Srinivas, Maruthi Janaki Ram Reddy, K. Mani Bushan, V. Jayathirtha Rao The role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in photodynamic activity of certain pyropheophorbide Singlet oxygen—mediated protein oxidation: Evidence ether photosensitizers: Albumin site II as a surrogate for the formation of reactive side chain peroxides on marker for activity tyrosine residues Adam Wright, William A. Bubb, Clare L. Hawkins, Thomas J. Dougherty, Adam B. Sumiin, William R. Greco, Kenneth R. Weishaupt, Michael J. Davies Lurine A. Vaughan, Ravindra K. Pandey The gold porphyrin first excited singlet state Up-regulation of Hsp27 plays a role in the resistance Joakim Andréasson, Gerdenis Kodis, Su Lin, of human colon carcinoma HT29 cells to Ana L. Moore, Thomas A. Moore, Devens Gust, photooxidative stress Jerker Martensson, Bo Alhinsson Hong P. Wang, John G. Hanlon, ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR Andrew J. Rainbow, Myrna Espiritu, EFFECTS Gurmit Singh 51 Antimicrobial DNA-binding photosensitizers from PHOTOSENSORY AND CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY the common rush, Juncus effusus 105 Circadian gating of photoinduction of committment to Fujinori Hanawa, Mamoru Okamoto, cell-cycle transitions in relation to photoperiodic G. H. Neil Towers control of cell reporoduction in Euglena Observation and quantification of ultraviolet-induced Shin-va Hagiwara, Aoen Bolige, Yulan Zhang, reactive oxygen species in ex vivo human skin Masayuki Takahashi, Akihiko Yamagishi, Ken Kerry M. Hanson, Robert M. Cleggg Goto On the importance of spectral responsivity of RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Robertson-Berger-type ultraviolet radiometers for 116 High efficiency energy transfer from carotenoids to a long-term observations phthalocyanine in an artificial photosynthetic antenna {/cide di Sarra, Patrick Disterhoft, John J. DeLuisi Ernesto Maritio-Ochoa, Rodrigo Palacios, Gerdenis Kodis, Alisdair N. Macpherson, Tomas Gillbro, Devens Gust, Thomas A. Moore, Ana L. Moore viii Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 2 * August 2002 PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND 181 UV index experimental values during the years 2000 PHOTOTECHNOLOGY and 2001 from the Spanish broadband UV-B radiometric network 123 Direct visualization of abasic sites on a single DNA Jose A. Martinez-Lozano, Maria J. Marin, molecule using fluorescence microscopy Fernando Tena, Maria P. Utrillas Tamaki Hirose, Toshio Ohtani Luis Sanchez-Muniosguren, Carlos Gonzalez-Frias, Hiroshi Muramatsu {tsushi Tanaka Emilio Cuevas, Alberto Redondas Do liposome-binding constants of porphyrins Jeronimo Lorente, Xavier de Cabo correlate with their measured and predicted Victoria Cachorro, Ricardo Vergaz partitioning between octanol and water? {ngel de Frutos, Juan P. Diaz, Francisco J. Exposito, Benito de la Morena Mariusz Kepczynski, Ramasamy P. Pandian Jose M. Vilaplana Kevin M. Smith. Benjamin Ehrenberg PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIO/ New photoactivators for multiphoton excited three- CHEMILUMINESCENCE dimensional sub-micron cross-linking of proteins: bovine serum albumin and type | collagen 188 Adaptation of cyanobacteria to UV-B stress correlated Jonathan D. Pitts, Amy R. Howell, Rosa Taboada with oxidative stress and oxidative damage psita Banerjee, Jun Wang, Steven L. Goodman Yu- Ying He Vanfred Klisch Donat-P. Hdde1 Paul J. Campaenola PHOTOMEDICINE Photodynamics of the bacteriochlorophyll—carotenoid 197 Improvement of tumor response by manipulation of system. 2. Influence of central metal, solvent and /-carotene on photobleaching of bacteriochlorophyl| tumor oxygenation during photodynamic therapy Qun Chen, Zheng Huang, Hua Chen, derivatives Joanna Fiedoi Leszek Fiedoi Vina Kammbhuber Howard Shapiro, Jill Beckers, Fred W. Hetzel | rdor Schei Hugo Scheel Mapping the light field of the Waldmann PDT 1200 lamp: Potential for wide-field low light irradiance foward the molecular flashlight: Preparation, aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy properties, and photophysics of a hypericin—luciferin tethered molecule Jeffrey Crosbie, Kenneth Winser, Paul Collins J n Wen. Pramit 1owdhury. Nick J. Will Photodynamic properties of amphiphilic derivatives Yvonne Wannemu Jaehun Park of aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine Sarath Kesavan Carpenter, G. A. Kraus Cynthia M. Allen, Rejean Langlois J. W. Petrich Wesley M. Sharman, Carole La Madeleine, ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR Johan E. Van Lie EFFECTS Promotion of photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis by the mitochondrial protein Smac 158 An outdoor multiple wavelength system for the DIABLO: Dependence on Bax irradiation of biological samples: Analysis of the long-term performance of various lamp and filter Jitsuo Usuda, Song-mao Chiu, Kashif Azizuddin, combinations Liang-van Xue, Minh Lam {nna-Liisa Nieminen, Vancy L. Oleinick VU. G. Holmes Selective action of the photosensitizer QLT0074 on Biological effects of polychromatic light activated human T lymphocytes John C. Sutherland Huijun Jiang, David J. Granville, John R. North Daily doses of biologically active UV radiation {nna M. Richter, David W. C. Hunt retrieved from commonly available parameters PHOTOSENSORY AND CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY {/ain de La Casiniere, Mamadou Lamine Toure Dominique Masserot, Thierry Cabot 232 Assignment of UVB-responsive cis-element and Jose Luis Pinedo Vega protoplastization- (dilution-) and elicitor-responsive ones in the promoter region of a carrot phenylalanine Photofragmentation of dichloromethanol Cl,CHOH ammonia-lyase gene (gDcPALI) along C—O and C-—Cl cleavages: A theoretical study Junko Takeda, Yoshio Ito, Kazuhiro Maeda, Max Miihlhduser, Melanie Schnell ) oshihiro Ozeki Sigrid D. Peverimhoff Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 3 * September 2002 PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOTECHNOLOGY BIO/CHEMILUMINESCENCE Dynamic study of excited state hydrogen-bonded 310 Fluorescence emission and absorption spectra of complexes of harmane in cyclohexane—toluene single Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 cells mixtures Lizhen Ying, Xu Huang, Bo Huang, Jia Xie Carmen Carmona Vanuel Balon, Manuel Galan, Jindong Zhao, Xin Sheng Zhao Pilar Guardado Varia A. Murnioz PHOTOMEDICINE Observation of a fluorescent dimer of a sulphonated phthalocyanine 314 Apoptotic response to photodynamic therapy versus the Bcl-2 antagonist HA14-1 Neil M. Speirs, Warren J. Ebenezer, Anita C. Jones David Kessel, John J. Reiners Ji Photoinduced N-demthylation of rufloxacin and its methyl ester under aerobic conditions Photobleaching of hypericin bound to human serum albumin, cultured adenocarcinoma cells and nude {/essandra Belvedere, Francisco Bosca, mice skin VM. Consuelo Cuquerella, Guido de Guidi, Miguel A. Miranda {. B. Uzdensky, V. lani, L.-W. Ma, J. Moan Photoionization of DNA and RNA bases, nucleosides Topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its and nucleotides through a combination of one- and methylester, hexylester and octylester derivatives: two-photon pathways upon 266 nm nanosecond laser Considerations for dosimetry in mouse skin model excitation {sta Juzeniene, Petras Juzenas, Vladimir Tani, Carlos E. Crespo-Hernandez, Rafael Arce Johan Moan ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR Wavelength-dependent properties of photodynamic EFFECTS therapy using hypericin in vitro and in an animal model 268 Estimation of biologically damaging UV levels in Michael Blank, Genady Kostenich, Gad Lavie, Sol marine surface waters with DNA and viral dosimeters Kimel, Yona Keisari, Arie Orenstein Steven W. Wilhelm, Wade H. Jeffrey, Curtis A. Suttle, David L. Mitchell PHOTOSENSORY AND CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Evaluation of DNA dosimetry to assess ozone- 341 A Fourier transform infrared study of neurospora mediated variability of biologically harmful radiation rhodopsin: Similarities with archaeal rhodopsins in Antarctica Vladislav Bergo, Elena N. Spudich, John L. Spudich, {/ison L. George, Helen J. Peat, Anita G. J. Buma Kenneth J. Rothschild Parameterization of daily solar global ultraviolet Flavonoid distribution in tissues of Phillyrea latifolia irradiation L. leaves as estimated by microspectrofluorometry and multispectral fluorescence microimaging U. Feister, E. Jdkel, K. Gericke Giovanni Agati, Carlotta Galardi, Solar UVB and plant damage irradiances for different Elisabetta Gravano, Annalisa Romani, \rgentinean regions Massimiliano Tattini Maria Isabel Micheletti, Ruben D. Piacentini Impairment of eye lens cell physiology and optics by broadband ultraviolet A/ultraviolet B radiation UVB irradiation of normal human skin favors the development of type-2 T-cells in vivo and in primary O. M. Oriowo, A. P. Cullen, J. G. Sivak dermal cell cultures Sergio Di Nuzzo, Regien M. R. Sylva-Steenland, Role of xanthurenic acid 8-O-,3-p-glucoside, a novel Cornelis W. Koomen, Satoshi Nakagawa, fluorophore that accumulates in the brunescent human Marielle van Breemen, Menno A. de Rie, eye lens Pranab K. Das, Jan D. Bos, Marcel B. M. Teunissen Geetha Thiagarajan, Etsuko Shirao, Kanako Ando, Amane Inoue, Dorairajan Balasubramanian » Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 4 * October 2002 PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND 417 H-NMR studies of duplex DNA decamer containing PHOTOTECHNOLOGY a uracil cyclobutane dimer: Implications regarding the high UV mutagenecity of CC photolesions 25 72 4 Bacteriochlorophyll e monomers, but not aggregates, Hyun Mee Lee, Jong-Ki Kim sensitize singlet oxygen: Implications for a self- photoprotection mechanism in chlorosomes Nitric oxide modulates tumor cell death induced by Juan B. Arellano, Thor Bernt Melo photodynamic therapy through a cGMP-dependent Carles M. Borrego, K. Razi Naqvi mechanism Edgar R. Gomes, Ramiro D. Almeida, Resolution of tryptophan—ANS fluorescence energy {rsélio P. Carvalho, Carlos B. Duarte transfer in apomyoglobin by site-directed mutagenesis Ivana Sirangelo, Clorinda Malmo Photodynamic inactivation of isolated crayfish Mariateresa Casillo, Gaetano Irace mechanoreceptor neuron: Different death modes under different Photosensitizer concentrations The excited-state interaction of resazurin and {natoly Uzdensky, Denis Bragin, Michail Kolosov, resorufin with amines in aqueous solutions. Olga Dergacheva, Grigory Fedorenko Photophysics and photochemical reaction {nna Zhavoronkova C. Bueno, M. L. Villegas, S. G Bertolotti., C. M. Previtali, M. G Veumann, M. V. Encinas Preclinical studies in normal canine prostate of a novel palladium-bacteriopheophorbide (WSTO09) ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of prostate EFFECTS cancer 39] Biological UV dosimeters in quality control of Qun Chen, Zheng Huang, David Luck, Jill Beckers, tanning tubes Pierre-Herve Brun, Brian C. Wilson, Z. Kulunesics, T. Kerekgyarto, P Grof, 1. Horkay {vigdor Scherz, Yoram Salomon, Fred W. Hetzel Gy. Ronto Spectroscopic characterization of human and mouse Formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and primary cells, cell lines and malignant cells 5-OXO 7,8-dihydro-2 -deoxyguanosine in mouse and Vitaly Erukhimovitch, Marina Talvshinsky, organ-cultured human skin by irradiation with broad- Yelena Souprun, Mahmoud Huleihel band or with narrowband UVB frief Budivyanto, Masato Ueda Takahiro Ueda, Temperature effect on accumulation of protoporphyrin [X after topical application of VMasamitsu Ichihashi 5-aminolevulinic acid and its methylester and Refractoriness of UVA-induced protection from hexylester derivatives in normal mouse skin photoimmunosuppression correlates with heme {sta Juzeniene, Petras Juzenas, Olav Kaathus, oxygenase response to repeated UVA exposure Vladimir Iani, Johan Moan Vivienne | Reeve, Diane Domanski PHOTOSENSORY AND CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses and coliphages 457 Heterologous expression and characterization of recombinant phytochrome from the green alga Suphachai Nuanualsuwan Tadesse Variam Sakchai Himathongkham Dean O ( live } Mougeotia scalaris H. J. M. M. Jorissen, S. E. Braslavsk\ _G. Wagner, PHOTOMEDICINE W. Gdrtnei 411 Effects of combined photodynamic therapy and Illumination accelerates the decay of the ionizing radiation on human glioma spheroids QO-intermediate of pharaonis Phoborhodopsin Steen J. Madsen, Chung-Ho Sun, (Sensory rhodopsin II) Bruce J. Trombere, Alvin T. Yeh, Rogelio Sanchez Masayuki Iwamoto, Yuki Sudo, Kazumi Shimono, Henry Hirschberg Vaoki Kamo Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) xi Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 5 * November 2002 ill Focus 518 Metabolic characterization of tumor cell-specific protoporphyrin [X accumulation after exposure to PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND 5-aminolevulinic acid in human colonic cells PHOTOTECHNOLOGY Rene C. Krieg, Helmut Messmann, Joachim Rauch, 467 Photohydrolysis of methotrexate produces pteridine, Stefan Seeger, Ruth Knuechel which induces poly-G—specific DNA damage through Transfer of protoporphyrin IX between cells photoinduced electron transfer Johan Moan, Li Wei Ma, Trond Stokke Kazutaka Hirakawa, Masahiro Aoshima, Yusuke Hiraku, Shosuke Kawanishi Comparison of the photodynamic effect of exogenous photoprotoporphyrin and protoporphyrin [IX on PAM Photoactivated coumaryl-diazopyruvate fluorescent 212 keratinocytes label for amine functional groups of tissues containing Theodossis Theodossiou, Alexander J. MacRobert type-I collagen George T. Timberlake, G. Kesava Reddy, PHOTOSENSORY AND CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Lisa Stehno-Bittel, Jorg F. Weber, 538 The influence of Ala243 (Gly247), Arg215 and Sabine Amslinger, Richard S. Givens Thr226 (Asn230) on the bioluminescence spectra and Effect of aggregation on bacteriochlorin a triplet state pH-sensitivity of railroad worm, click beetle and formation: A laser flash photolysis study firefly luciferases Yavier Damoiseau, Francis Tfibel, Vadim R. Viviani, Akira Uchida, Wladia Viviani, Varvse Hoebeke, Marie-Pierre Fontaine-Aupart Yoshihiro Ohmivya Mechanisms of pulse response and differential Interaction of dicarboxylic metalloporphyrins with liposomes. The effect of pH on membrane binding response of bacteriorhodopsin and their relations revisited Baoli Yae, Yingli Wang, Kunsheng Hu, Mariusz Kepszynski, Benjamin Ehrenberg Deliang Chen, Yuan Zheng, Ming Lei Time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR spectroscopic studies of the human lens with EFFECTS comparison to argpyrimidine, pentosidine and 3-OQH- 493 Ultraviolet-B—induced cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer kynurenine formation in Arctic marine macrophytes Line Kessel, Stanislav Kalinin, Ram H. Nagaraj, Willem H. van de Poll, Dieter Hanelt, Michael Larsen, Lennart B.-A. Johansson Kirsten Hoyer, Anita G. J. Buma, RAPID COMMUNICATION {nneke M. Breeman 555 A first comparative study of purpurinimide-based PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIO/CHEMILUMINES- fluorinated vs. nonfluorinated photosensitizers for CENCE photodynamic therapy 501 New insights into photosynthetic oscillations revealed {my L. Gryshuk, Andrew Graham, by two-dimensional microscopic measurements of Suresh K. Pandey, William R. Potter, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in intact leaves and Joseph R. Missert, Allan Oseroff, isolated protoplasts Thomas J. Dougherty, Ravindra K. Pande) Naila Ferimazova, Hendrik Kiipper, ERRATUM Ladislav Nedbal, Martin Trtilek 560 Apoptotic response to photodynamic therapy versus PHOTOMEDICINE the Bcl-2 antagonist HA14-1 509 Antivascular tumor eradication by hypericin-mediated David Kessel, Michelle Castelli, and photodynamic therapy John J. Reiners Jr. Bin Chen, Tania Roskams, Peter A. M. de Witte Quinacrine enhances vesicular stomatitis virus inactivation and diminshes hemolysis of dimethylmethylene blue—phototreated red cells Stephen J. Wagner, Andrey Skripchenko, Dedeene Thompson-Montgomery xii Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2002, 76(6) Photochemistry and Photobiology The official journal of the American Society for Photobiology * Volume 76 * No. 6 * December 2002 il Focus 646 Photochemically catalyzed reaction of ochratoxin A with pD- and L-cysteine INVITED REVIEW Mark E. Brow, Jian Dai, Gyungse Park, 561 \ history of ultraviolet photobiology for humans, Varcus W. Wright, Ivan G. Gillman, animals and miroorganisms Richard A. Manderville Philip E Hockherger ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY AND UVR Introduction to the Symposium-in-print: EFFECTS Photoisomerization pathways, torsional relaxation and 654 Dietary, but not topical, alpha-linolenic acid the hula twist suppresses UVB-induced skin injury in hairless mice when compared with linoleic acid Robert S. H. Liu Naova Takemura, Kazuhiko Takahashi, SYMPOSIUN-IN-PRINT Hiroshi Tanaka, Yuka Ihara, Atsushi Ikemoto, 584 Mechanistic pathways for the photoisomerization Yoichi Fujii, Harumi Okuyama reaction of the anchored, tethered chromophore of the Ultraviolet emission spectra of sunbeds photoactive yellow protein and its mutants Beat Gerber, Patrick Mathys, Mirjana Moser, Yasushi Imamoto, Mikio Kataoka, Dominique Bressoud, Charlotte Braun-Fahrldnder Robert S. H. Liu 666 UV dose measurements of photosensitive dermatosis Hula-twist within the confinement of molecular patients by polycrystalline GaN—based portable self- cry Stals data-aquisition UV monitor Gerd Kaupp Shigeru Yagi, Takeshi Iwanaga, Hiroshi Kojima, Photoisomerization of stilbene dendrimers: The need Yoshio Shoji, Seiji Suzuki, Kunihiro Seno, of a volume-conserving isomerization mechanism Hisavoshi Mori, Yoshiki Tokura, Mayuko Uda, Takuo Mizutani, Junpei Hayakawa Vasahiro Takigawa, Shin-Ichi Moriwaki {tsuvya Momotake, Masashi Ikegami PHOTOMEDICINE Ritsuko Nagahata, Tatsuo Arai 669 Squaraine dyes for photodynamic therapy: Study of their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in bacteria and Constraints of opsin structure on the ligand-binding mammalian cells site: Studies with ring-fused retinals Danaboyina Ramaiah, Inge Eckert, Kalliat T. Arun, Takahiro Hirano In Taek Lim, Don Voon Kim Lydia Weidenfeller, Bernd Eps Yiang-Guo Zheng Kazuo Yoshihara Yoshiaki Ovama Hiroo Imai, Yoshinori Shichida A comparison of protoporphyrin LX and VMasaji Ishiguro protoporphyrin [X dimethyl ester as a photosensitizer in poorly differentiated human nasopharyngeal H—Vinyl conical intersections for dienes: A carcinoma cells mechanism for the photochemical hula-twist Karen Kar Lye Yee, Khee Chee Soo, Sarah Wilsey, K. N. Houk Boon Huat Bay Valini Olivo Structure of the conical intersections driving the cis 6380 A beam-splitting device for use with fiber-coupled trans photoisomerization of conjugated molecules laser light sources for photodynamic therapy Diego Sampedro Ruiz {/essandro Cembran, Marco Leroy M. Wood, David A. Bellnier, Garavelli Massimo Olivucci, Werner Fuf {/lan R. Oseroff, William R. Potter The low-temperature photochemistry of s-cis acyclic Internalization of aggregated photosensitizers by tumor cells: subcellular time-resolved fluorescence | .3-dienes spectroscopy on derivatives of pyropheophorbide-a Vic hac / Squillace ole Thomas Semple, JeWie Chen ethers and chlorin e6 under femtosecond one- and Fengting Liang two-photon excitation PHOTOCHEMISTRY, PHOTOPHYSICS AND L. Kelbauskas, W. Dietel PHOTOTECHNOLOGY Glucose is required to maintain high ATP-levels for 637 Ultraviolet-B—induced inactivation of human OGG1, the energy-utilizing steps during PDT-induced the repair enzyme for removal of 8-oxoguanine in apoptosis DNA Christian Benno Oberdanner, Tobias Kiesslich, P. Auffret van der Kemp, J.-¢ Blais, M. Bazin Barbara Krammer, Kristjan Plaetzer S. Boiteux, R. Santus 4 oe . eae s+ ae ost Pi - Saaa t mtielyaeykDs nh e ore i-g sei cn Re: ed MiLihes oat