Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews: Volume 1 PDF
Preview Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews: Volume 1
Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews Volume 1 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews Volume 1 Edited by Kendric C. Smith Stanford University School of Medicine PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Photochemical and photobiological reviews. Includes index. 1. Photobiology-Collected works. 2. Photochemistry-Collected works. I. Smith, Kendric C., 1926- [DNLM: 1. Radiobiology-Period. 2. Photo- chemistry-Period. W1 PH653] QH515.P48 574.1'9153 75-43689 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2576-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2574-1 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2574-1 © 1976 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1976 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW10 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Dedication This first volume of Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews is dedi cated to Dr. Arthur C. Giese, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Bio logical Sciences, Stanford University, in recognition of the inspiration and guidance that he has given to so many photo biologists. His fundamental scientific contributions to photobiology have been highlighted in an article that appeared in Photochemistry and Photobiology [13: 1-3 (1971)] to com memorate his retirement in the summer of 1970. Although "officially" retired, he is still actively writing books and publishing research papers. I will try to achieve in this review series the high standards of excellence that so characterize all of Dr. Giese's work, including his pioneering review series, Photophysiology. Kendric C. Smith Editor Preface A stone carving from the 14th century B.C. records that the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (born Amenhoteph IV) and his wife, Nefertiti, recognized the importance of sunlight to life. In fact, Akhenaten initiated a monotheistic religion, with Aton, the sun, as God. One of his daughters be came the wife of King Tut Ankamon, the spelling of whose name indicates a return to the old religion and an eclipse of interest in photobiology among the pharaohs. A renewal of interest in photobiology in modern times was climaxed in 1928 by the establishment of an international organization for photobiology under the title Comite International de la Lumiere (C.I.L.). Its present title, Comite International de Photobiologie (C.I.P.), was adopted at a meeting in Paris in 1951. The first of a series of international congresses on photobiology was held in 1954 and probably represents the beginning of modern day photobiology. Medical men were prominent in the activities of the old C.I.L., for the importance of natural sunlight in human health and disease was obvious though not well understood. The bringing together of physicians with physicists, chemists, and biologists from the pure and applied branches of their subjects was the aim of the older C.I.L. and continues to the present day through the C.I.P. In 1952 a Committee on Photobiology was established in the United States, under the aegis of the National Research Council, to serve as the U.S. section of the c.I.P. Recognizing the need for a national organization for the science of photobiology, the U.S. National Committee for Photobiology sponsored the formation of the American Society for Photobiology. The Society was incorporated 27 July 1972. Another landmark in the history of photobiology was the establishment in 1962 of the international journal Photochemistry and Photobiology, which continues to be the leading journal in this field. Since 1973 it has been the official organ of the American Society for Photobiology. In 1964 a review series on topics in photobiology was inaugurated by Arthur C. Giese under the title of Photophysiology. This highly respected series was discontinued in 1974 after eight volumes when it fell victim to a vii viii Preface corporate reorganization after the aquisition of its publisher by another company. The science of photobiology is a dynamic multidisciplinary field whose relevance to the needs of man is growing more apparent each day. Publicity about supersonic transports (the SST's), spray cans, and space shuttles and their possible deleterious effects on the stratospheric ozone layer and the possible resultant consequences of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on man and his environment have helped to focus attention on both the bene ficial and detrimental effects of light. In addition, considerable activity is currently being directed toward harnessing solar energy as one solution to the world energy crisis. Some mechanisms for accomplishing this involve photobiological systems or photochemical models based upon these systems. It would thus seem that modern. man has rediscovered the sun and is now actively considering new uses of light rather than thinking of light only as an aid to vision. Photobiology has become a major new scientific field. In every scientific field it is important that the leaders review the field periodically as a service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields. Such reviews provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they often provide a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking and frequently suggest a redirection when appropriate. To accomplish these goals, the present series, Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews, was inaugurated. The American Society for Photobiology has divided the science of photobiology into fourteen subspecialty groups. These subspecialties are or ganized below in six groups, and another subdivision, New Topics in Photobiology, has been added: I. Phototechnology IV. Chronobiology Photochemistry Photoreception Spectroscopy Vision II. Photosensitization V. Photomorphogenesis Ultraviolet and Visible Photo movement Radiation Effects Photosynthesis III. Environmental Photobiology VI. Bioluminescence Medicine New Topics in Photobiology It is our goal that each issue of Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews will contain reviews on at least one subject related to each of these six major groups. This goal will not always be met, as exemplified in Volume 1, because unforeseen events can prevent an author from completing a review Preface ix by publication time. Nevertheless, we will strive for balanced coverage in each issue. The goals of the science of photobiology have been divided into four categories*: "(1) The development of ways to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light; (2) the development of ways to control the beneficial effects of light upon our environment; (3) the continued development of photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes; and (4) the development of photochemical therapies in medicine. " It is hoped that the articles that appear in Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews will not only document and interpret the past but will also help chart the future so that progress in the attainment of the above goals will be swift. Kendric C. Smith Editor * K. C. Smith, BioScience 4:45-48 (1974). Contents Dedication ............................................. v Preface .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii Chapter 1. The C4 Pathway of Photosynthesis: Ein Kranz-Typ Wirtschaftswunder7 ........................... . David G. Bishop and Malcolm L. Reed Chapter 2. Phycocyanins: Structure and Function. . . . . . . . . . .. 71 Alexander N. Glazer Chapter 3. Transmission of Solar Radiation into Natural Waters 117 Raymond C. Smith and John E. Tyler Chapter 4. Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157 Richard B. Forward. Jr. Chapter 5. Sunlight and Melanin Pigmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211 Madhu A. Pathak, Kowichi Jimbow, George Szabo, and Thomas B. Fitzpatrick Chapter 6. Visible Light Therapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241 Thomas R. C. Sisson Chapter 7. Physiological Responses of Escherichia co/ito Far- Ultraviolet Radiation .......................... 269 Paul A. Swenson Index .................................................. 389 xi
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