Philosophical Logic in Poland

362 Pages·1994·6.831 MB·English

by  Józef M. Bocheński (auth.), Jan Woleński (eds.)

PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC IN POLAND
SYNTHESE LIDRARY
STUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY,
LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Managing Editor:
JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Boston University
Editors:
DIRK V AN DALEN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
DONALD DAVIDSON, University of California, Berkeley
THEO A.F. KUIPERS, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
PATRICK SUPPES, Stanford University, California
JAN WOLEN-SKI, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland
VOLUME 228
PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC
IN POLAND
Edited by
JAN WOLENSKI
Institute of Philosophy
Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Philosophical logic in Poland / edited by Jan Wolenski.
p. cm. -- (Synthese library ; v. 228)
Translated from the Pol ish.
Includes bibl iographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-481-4276-7 ISBN 978-94-015-8273-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8273-5
1. Logic. 2. Logic, Symboli~ and mathematical. 3. Semantics
(Phi losophy) 4. Phi losophy, Pol ish--20th century. I.Wolenski,
Jan. II. Series.
BC51.P45 1993
160--dc20 93-15478
ISBN 978-90-481-4276-7
Printed an acid-free paper
AU Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechnical,
including photocopying, recording Of by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
JOZEF M. BOCHENSKI - Morals of Thought and Speech-
Reminiscences 1
JOZEF M. BOCHENSKI - What Has Logic Given to Philosophy? 9
ANDRZEJ GRZEGORCZYK - Classical, Relativistic and Construc-
tivist Ways of Asserting Theorems 19
H. HIZ - Semantic Niches Or a Logic for Historians 33
JACEK J. JADACKI - Objects and Properties 61
GRZEGORZ MALINOWSKI - Inferential Many-Valuedness 75
WITOLD MARCISZEWSKI - A Jaskowski-Style System of
Computer-Assisted Reasoning 85
ROMAN MURAWSKI - Hilbert's Program: Incompleteness
Theorems V s. Partial Realizations 103
EDWARD NIEZNANSKI - The Logic of Objects 129
MIECZYSLAW OMYLA - Non-Fregean Semantics for Sentences 153
EWA ORLOWSKA - Relational Semantics for Non-Classical
Logics: Formulas are Relations 167
JACEK PASNICZEK - Non-Standard Possible Worlds,
Generalised Quantifiers and Modal Logic 187
TOMASZ PLACEK - Against Straightforward Anti-Realism 199
WITOLD A. POGORZELSKI - A Minimal Implicational Logic 213
CECYLIA M. RAUSZER - Knowledge Representation Systems
for Groups of Agents 217
v
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOMASZ SKURA - Characterizing Propositional Logics by
Fonnulas 239
ROMAN SUSZKO - The Reification of Situations 247
KAZIMIERZ TRZJ;SICKI - Intuitionism and Indetenninism
(Tense-Logical Considerations) 271
PAWEL TuRNAU - Asymmetrical Relations 297
EUGENIUSZ WOJCIECHOWSKI - Types of Predication 307
JAN WOLENSKI - Remarks on Extensionality and Intensionality 321
BOGUSLAW WOLNIEWICZ - On the Synthetic a priori 327
RYSZARD W 6JCICKI - Realism V s Relativism in Philosophy
of Science (Some Comments on Tarski's Theory of Truth) 337
INDEX OF NAMES 363
PREFACE
The label "philosophical logic" traditionally arouses some reservations
among Polish logicians. Perhaps they remember Lukasiewicz's state
ment made in his influential Elements ofM athematical Logic (published
in 1929) that philosophical logic is a mixture of logic, epistemology and
psychology which should be abandoned in favour of mathematical logic.
Even some contributors to the present volume expressed their reserva
tions toward its title. However, although I am fully aware that the
meaning of the term "philosophical logic" is not univocally determined,
I decided to use it as a signal of the content of the papers included
below. I did this for at least two reasons. First, although the rubric
"philosophical logic" is not completely delimited, it very conveniently
covers a variety of logical studies which are of interest for philosophers.
Second, as I see the matter, this label expresses the evaluative attitude
that logic has utmost relevance for philophers. This conviction was a
very important ingredient of the ideology of the Polish Logical School
in the interwar period (including Lukasiewicz himself) and it is com
monly shared by the present Polish logical community. This collection
gives a strong evidence for this.
The papers included in this volume vary in their subjects. Two
papers by Father Bochenski (the doyen of Polish logicians; metaphori
cally speaking, a bridge between old and new times) touch on general
problems. The opening paper is not only a personal report but also a
documentation of how duties of logic were understood in the Golden
Age of "Polish logic". The second paper of Bochenski outlines his
idea of how logic and philosophy are mutually related. Then we have
studies more or less devoted to formal logical matters (the papers by
Malinowski, Murawski, Omyla, Pasniczek, Pogorzelski, Skura, and
Trz~sicki). Several contributions have topics inspired by computer
science (the papers by Marciszewski, Orlowska, and Rauszer). Appli
cations of logic to ontology are given by Jadacki, Nieznanski, Suszko,
Tumau, and Wojciechowski. Epistemological questions are considered
by Grzegorczyk, Hiz, Placek, Wolniewicz, Wolenski, and W6jcicki.
Vll
Jan Wolenski (ed.), Philosophical Logic in Poland, vii-viii.
V111 PREFACE
In another perspective, the topic considered vary from non-standard
methods of codification of classical logic to the philosophy of sci
ence. However, this thematic multiplicity reflects the present situation
in philosophical logic in every region in which it is cultivated.
I am indebted to Jaakko Hintikka for his inspiration for editing a
volume presenting Polish works in philosophical logic. Peter Simons,
a great friend of "Polish logic", read most papers and suggested an
innumerable number of corrections. Some linguistic corrections were
suggested by Arthur Szylewicz. All papers collected in this volume
appear here in English for the first time.
Jan Woleriski
JOZEF M. BOCHENSKI
MORALS OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH -
REMINISCENCES
The undersigned is sometimes said to be one of the last surviving mem
bers of the Lw6w-Warsaw school. This is not quite correct, as I did not
study philosophy or logic under any of its masters. Yet I knew quite a
number among them and they deeply influenced my thought. Thus it
will perhaps not be useless, if I write down some reminiscences of four
of them.
Three thinkers are usually mentioned when one speaks about logic in
Poland between the Wars: Lesniewski, Lukasiewicz and Tarski. In fact,
they may be considered as the most important logicians of the school.
Lesniewski and Lukasiewicz belong to the older generation and were
pupils of Twardowski, while Tarski was the pupil of both. Alongside
them a number of other sometimes prominent logicians lied between
the two Wars in Poland. Warsaw, in particular, had numerous creative
logicians. I am going to say a few words about one of them, Sobocinski.
The following may give an idea of what Warsaw was as a centre of
logical studies at that time. Somewhere around 1935 in my research I
had some difficulties with the theory of types and wrote to Sobocinski
(who was at that time I think Lesniewski's assistant) asking him for
help. He answered me saying: "Which one? Because we have here,
you know, at least a dozen different theories of types and I think that at
least three of them would not cause the difficulty you are writing about."
I believe that there were not many other centres in the world of which
one could say the same.
But Sobocinski belonged to a younger generation. Let us therefore
postpone things I have to say about him and start with some reminis
cences concerning his masters.
I knew Lukasiewicz pretty well. He was very kind to me, so much so
that I may speak of something like a friendship between us. Whenever
in Warsaw, I was a frequent guest in his house. Lukasiewicz was a rather
small, neatly dressed and rather shy person. He was not as distracted as
another great logician I knew, Paul Bernays (whom I had to lead once to
1
Jan Wolenski (ed.), Philosophical Logic in Poland, 1-8.
© 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2 1. M. BOCHENSKI
his own apartment because he could not find it) - but he belonged still to
the same type of scholar who concentrated on their scientific business,
that the world did not seem to exist for them.
Here is one story about him. I cam once to see him after supper.
He received me sitting at his typewriter on which he was typing one
of his interminable formulae (as every logician knows, you can type
a Lukasiewiczian formula on an ordinary typewriter). Seeing me, he
pulled the sheet on which he was writing from the machine and gave it
to me, saying: "Do you see how beautiful and how obviously true?!"
Now the formulae began with something like
CCCCKNCCCAKACCCKKKKNNAACA ...
I must confess that the only thing which was obvious to me was that
the term "obvious" is a very relative one: for that "cccc K ... " was
perhaps obvious to him, but certainly not to me.
What struck me most at that time, however, was not so much the "ob
vious" as the "beautiful". And I still think that it was most characteristic
of him, because for Lukasiewicz science - a scientific sentence, proof,
theory, and so on - should not only be true, but also beautiful. He wrote
once that a scientific paper should be also an aesthetic achievement -
written in perfect language, beautiful, so precise, that not a single world
could be added to or deleted from it. And I would say that his own
writings are a model in that respect: they are really beautiful.
Now, many a writer does feel like him about the necessity of writ
ing nicely. But what distinguishes Lukasiewicz from them is that he
combined that love of beauty with an equally intense love of rigour.
In fact, I have never met anybody who would practise a more rigorous
way of writing and thinking than he did. In those old times we were
practically all addicted to the ways of the Principia Mathematica, i.e.
to the methods used in common mathematics. And even now I rarely
read papers which are up to the Lukasiewiczian standards of rigour.
To mention just one aspect of that rigour, his algorithms are composed
oftwo parts. When the operations indicated in them are performed, they
tum into perfectly homomorphic formulae, so much so that in order to
test the correctness of the proof it is enough to superpose one part
over the other and look through them towards a light. The versification
consists here in observing the contact of two bodies - something towards
which all human science tends and which remains often just an ideal.