Pharmaceutical Practice PDF
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Pharmaceutical Practice Content Strategist: Pauline Graham Content Development Specialist: Fiona Conn Project Manager: Julie Taylor Designer/Design Direction: Christian Bilbow Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Robert Britton Pharmaceutical Practice F I F T H E D I T I O N E d i t e d b y Judith A. Rees BPharm, MSc, PhD Senior Lecturer, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, UK Ian Smith BSc(Hons), MRPharmS, ClinDip, ILTM Boots Teacher/Practitioner, University of Manchester, UK Jennie Watson BSc, PG ClinDip, PGCert (LTHE), MRpharmS Boots Teacher/Practitioner, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Edinburgh • London • New York • Oxford • Philadelphia • St Louis • Sydney • Toronto © 2014 by Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1990 Second edition 1998 Third edition 2004 Fourth edition 2009 Fifth edition 2014 ISBN 978-0-7020-5143-2 International ISBN 978-0-7020-5144-9 Ebook 978-0-7020-5282-8 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in China Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Contributors xiii About this book xv Section 1 An introduction to pharmacy and its place in society 1 1 The role of pharmacy in health care 3 Christine M. Bond 2 Socio-behavioural aspects of health and illness 17 Alison Gifford 3 Socio-behavioural aspects of treatment with medicines 33 Alison Gifford Section 2 Protecting the public 45 4 Control of medicines 47 Jason Hall and Judith A. Rees 5 Control of health professionals and their staff 53 Jenny Hughes and Ian Smith 6 Continuing professional development and revalidation 59 Raminder Sihota 7 Ethics – the theory 65 Richard C. O’Neill 8 Ethics in practice and ethical dilemmas 77 Jennie Watson 9 Clinical governance 83 Simon J. Tweddell and John Tucker 10 Risk management 91 Darren M. Ashcroft 11 Standard operating procedures 97 Alison Hunter 12 Audit 101 Janet Krska 13 Public health 109 Simon White v Contents Section 3 Delivering professional pharmacy practice 119 14 Structure and organization of pharmacy 121 Mary Rhodes and Jennie Watson 15 Relationship with other members of the healthcare team 127 Felice S. Groundland 16 Information retrieval in pharmacy practice 135 Parastou Donyai 17 Communication skills for pharmacists and their team 153 Judith A. Rees and Isabel J. Featherstone 18 Concordance 163 Marjorie C. Weiss 19 Pharmaceutical calculations 173 Arthur J. Winfield Section 4 Access to medicines and their selection 185 20 The prescribing process and evidence-based medicine 187 Jason Hall 21 Prescribing for minor ailments 195 Paul Rutter 22 Drug evaluation and pharmacoeconomics 207 Janet Krska and Dyfrig A. Hughes 23 Formularies in pharmacy practice 223 Janet Krska 24 Complementary and alternative medicines 237 Brian Lockwood 25 Communication skills: advice and information on the selection of medicines 249 Judith A. Rees 26 Patient charges for medicines and their impact on access 257 Ellen Schafheutle 27 The prescription 265 Ian Smith 28 Veterinary pharmacy 275 Sam Ingram and Jennie Watson Section 5 Medicines and their preparation 281 29 Routes of administration and dosage forms 283 Arthur J. Winfield 30 Dispensing techniques (compounding and good practice) 291 Judith A. Rees vi Contents 31 Labelling of dispensed medicines 299 Judith A. Rees 32 Packaging 305 Derek G. Chapman 33 Solutions 313 Arthur J. Winfield 34 Suspensions 323 Arthur J. Winfield 35 Emulsions 329 Arthur J. Winfield 36 External preparations 337 Arthur J. Winfield 37 Suppositories and pessaries 349 Arthur J. Winfield 38 Powders and granules 357 Arthur J. Winfield 39 Oral unit dosage forms 363 Arthur J. Winfield Section 6 Specialized pharmacy products and services 369 40 Production of sterile products 371 Derek G. Chapman 41 Parenteral products 385 Derek G. Chapman 42 Ophthalmic products 395 R. Michael E. Richards 43 Inhaled route 411 Peter M. Richards 44 Parenteral nutrition and dialysis 423 Lindsay Harper and Liz Lamerton 45 Radiopharmacy 437 David Graham 46 Specialized services 447 Geoff Saunders 47 Appliances 457 Ian Smith Section 7 Pharmacy services 463 48 Public health and pharmacy interventions 465 Jennie Watson 49 Pharmacy services for vulnerable patients 471 Victoria Crabtree vii Contents 50 Substance use and misuse 479 Jenny Scott 51 Monitoring the patient 493 Alison Littlewood Appendices 507 Appendix 1 Abbreviations and terms used in this book 509 Appendix 2 Medical abbreviations 511 Appendix 3 Latin terms and abbreviations 519 Appendix 4 Key references and further reading 523 Index 537 viii Preface In the five years since the publication of the last teaching pharmacy and some pharmacists with edition of Pharmaceutical Practice, the profes- joint appointments between hospital or community sion of pharmacy has once again changed and pharmacy and academic institutions. progressed. There are emerging new roles for phar- Pharmacy continues to evolve as a profession and, macists both within the traditional employment while we are wary of saying that the next few years areas of hospital and community pharmacy, as well will be the most exciting ever for the profession, we as other emerging roles to support the public health certainly see great change and opportunity ahead. agenda, governance, risk management, prescribing We have included many new chapters in this edition and pharmacoeconomic areas. As well as changes to reflect these newer aspects of practice, which will in the content of this edition of Pharmaceutical impact on areas of future pharmacy practice. Practice, Arthur Winfield, one of the original edi- There are two companion volumes to tors, made the decision to leave the editorial team Pharmaceutical Practice: Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: after being involved in the editing of the previous The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, fourth four editions – what an accomplishment! He was edition (Churchill Livingstone 2013), edited by an extremely efficient and experienced editor, ME Aulton and K Taylor, which provides greater whose retirement has left a big hole in the editing detail on the scientific principles that underpin the team. Fortunately, the other editors, Judith Rees design and manufacture of dosage forms and medi- and Ian Smith, have been joined by an enthusias- cines; and Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, tic and knowledgeable new editor, Jennie Watson. fifth edition (Churchill Livingstone 2012), edited Together, this editorial team has been able to carry by R. Walker and C. Whittlesea, which considers in forward the original aims of the book, which are to greater detail, aspects of treatment with drugs and provide the readers with an up-to-date knowledge clinical practice by pharmacists. These three books base for all aspects of pharmacy practice presented complement each other and readers should realize whenever possible, in a way to encourage a pro- that information cannot be compartmentalized. It fessional attitude of always seeking to provide the is detrimental to patients to ignore any aspect of highest standards of care for patients. the total knowledge base – all must be integrated We have been fortunate with all our authors, if optimum pharmaceutical care is to be provided. who have produced up-to-the-minute information We would encourage the readers to embrace the of their subject material to illustrate each of their changes ahead, to move the profession ever further chapters. We have recruited many new authors who forward, to provide both the best care for your have been chosen for their expertise and experi- patients but also to provide you with the opportu- ence in their subject. Our authors include full-time nity for job satisfaction and enjoyment. practising pharmacists, academics experienced in JAR, IS, JW ix
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